SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for Setaria faberi
Common name: Giant foxtail
| Title: Application timing determines giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) control in no-till corn (Zea mays). |
| Author: Krausz-Ronald-F ; Young-Bryan-G; Kapusta-George; Matthews-Joseph-L. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 14 (1): 161-166.2000. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: Field studies were conducted from 1996 to 1998 to evaluate grass control in no-till corn (Zea mays) with herbicides applied early preplant (EPP), preemergence (PRE), and postemergence (POST) at the Belleville Research Center at Belleville, IL. Grass control was affected by application timing rather than herbicide. The herbicides applied PRE provided more consistent giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) control (90 to 98%) than the same herbicides applied EPP (0 to 92%). There also was no difference in giant foxtail and barnyardgrass control between the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation and microencapsulated (ME) formulation of acetochlor. Rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron applied POST provided 90 to 97% control of giant foxtail and barnyardgrass. Metolachlor, EC-acetochlor, SAN 582H, and rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron provided 85 to 92% control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) compared with 63 to 74% control for BAY FOE 5043 plus metribuzin and ME-acetochlor. Corn grain yield was greater with herbicides applied either PRE or POST than applied EPP. Grass control and grain yield were greater with herbicides applied either PRE or POST compared with EPP. |
| Title: Response of Setaria faberi demographic processes to herbicide rates. |
| Author: Bussan-Alvin-J ; Boerboom-Chris-M; Stoltenberg-David-E. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 48 (4): 445-453. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: Traditionally, herbicide efficacy has been evaluated by visual ratings, but these data provide little insight to the biological response of weeds to herbicides. Field studies were conducted in 1995 and 1996 to determine the rate response of Setaria faberi seedling survival, seed production, and biomass to postemergence herbicides in Zea mays and Glycine max. Nicosulfuron and sethoxydim were applied to Z. mays and G. max, respectively, at 1X, 1/2X, 1/4X, 1/8X, 1/16X, 1/32X, and 0X the label rate. Mature plant density of S. faberi was linearly related to seedling density, indicating that seedling survival was not density dependent. Based on a nonlinear dose-response analysis, maximum S. faberi survival was 55% in Z. mays across years and 60 and 45% in G. max in 1995 and 1996, respectively. Minimum survival was 0% except for Z. mays in 1996 when it was 13%. The minimum survival was greater in Z. mays in 1996 due to greater survival of late cohorts than in 1995. Setaria faberi seedling survival was greater in 1/2X than 1X herbicide treatments in Z. mays and G. max each year. Setaria faberi seed production was related to mature plant density with a negative exponential function. Seed production per plant was similar between 1X and 1/2X rates in Z. mays and among 1X, 1/2X, and 1/4X rates in G. max each year. However, seed production per square meter was greater in 1/2X than 1X treatments due to greater seedling survival. Regardless, seed production per square meter was 95% less in the 1/2X herbicide treatment compared to seed production by untreated plants in Z. mays and G. max. |
| Title: Identification of two mechanisms of atrazine resistance in Setaria faberi and Setaria viridis biotypes. |
| Author: De-Prado-Rafael ; Lopez-Martinez-Nuria ; Gonzalez-Gutierrez-Jacinto. |
| Source: Pesticide-Biochemistry-and-Physiology. 67 (2): 114-124.2000. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: Two resistant (R) biotypes of Setaria faberi and S. viridis have been detected in maize fields continuously treated with triazine herbicides. The R biotypes of S. faberi and S. viridis were 10.0 and 6.5 times, respectively, more resistant to atrazine than their susceptible (S) biotypes. Both R biotype plastids had less affinity for atrazine than the S biotypes based on chlorophyll fluorescence and Hill reaction assays. As expected, they exhibited cross-resistance to a wide variety of photosystem II inhibitors. The hierarchy of resistance level of these two biotypes was chloro-s-triazines >> methoxy-s-triazines > methyltio-s-triazines gtoreq as-triazines. There was no difference in the absorption and translocation of (14C)atrazine in R and S biotypes. Fast fluorescence induction curves showed that atrazine inhibited whole-leaf photosynthesis in S biotypes and they later recovered slight fluorescence activity in both populations. All biotypes produced the same pattern of metabolites, but the R biotypes detoxified the atrazine to conjugate-atrazine at a higher rate than the S biotypes (R > 75% > S). The five wild-type Setaria spp. found in Spain showed differences in detoxification of atrazine. The hierarchy of detoxifying level of atrazine of these Setaria spp. was S. verticilata apprxeq S. adherens >> S. faberi apprxeq S. viridis >>> S. glauca. |
| Title: Absorption and translocation of glyphosate isopropylamine and trimethylsulfonium salts in Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi. |
| Author: Satchivi-Norbert-M; Wax-Loyd-M; Stoller-Edward-W ; Briskin-Donald-P. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 48 (6): 675-679. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: Growth chamber and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate foliar absorption and translocation of the isopropylamine (Ipa) or trimethylsulfonium (Tms) salts of glyphosate in Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi. Glyphosate was applied at 250 g ai ha-1. Absorption of 14C-glyphosate in both formulations increased similarly in both species over 72 h. Seventy-two hours after treatment (HAT), A. theophrasti absorbed 26% of applied 14C of both formulations, whereas S. faberi absorbed 43% of both formulations. The addition of 1% ammonium sulfate (AMS) to both formulations increased the amount of herbicide absorbed to 35% in A. theophrasti and 60% in S. faberi 72 HAT. Translocation of absorbed 14C-glyphosate in both formulations (with or without AMS) was greater for S. faberi than A. theophrasti 72 HAT. For A. theophrasti, 17% of 14C absorbed in Ipa and Tms formulations were translocated out of the treated leaf, whereas additions of AMS increased the amount translocated to 25 and 23% for Ipa and Tms, respectively. The largest portion of translocated 14C moved to tissues above the treated leaf. For S. faberi, 37% of absorbed 14C in both Ipa and Tms formulations were translocated out of the treated leaf 72 HAT, whereas 42% translocated when 1% AMS was added to both formulations. In S. faberi, the largest portion of 14C-glyphosate translocated to tissues below the treated leaf. In summary, no differences were found between Ipa and Tins formulations in both weed species. |
| Title: Glutathione transferases involved in herbicide detoxification in the leaves of Setaria faberi (giant foxtail). |
| Author: Hatton-Pamela-J; Cummins-Ian; Cole-David-J; Edwards-Robert. |
| Source: Physiologia-Plantarum. 105 (1) 9-16. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Setaria faberi (giant foxtail) is a major grass weed of maize in North America and can prove difficult to control using selective herbicides. In grasses, tolerance to the chloro-s-triazine and chloroacetanilide classes of selective herbicides is associated with their rapid detoxification by glutathione conjugation catalysed by glutathione transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18). We were therefore interested in characterising the GSTs in S. faberi and comparing them with the corresponding enzymes in maize. Four S. faberi GST isoenzymes (SfaGSTs 1 to 4) with activities toward the triazine herbicide atrazine, the chloroacetanilide herbicides metolachlor and alachlor and the diphenyl ether herbicide fluorodifen were purified from the foliage of young plants. These GSTs detoxified herbicides with similar efficiencies to those determined for GST isoenzymes from maize, but their levels of expression in the leaves were 20-fold lower than those reported in the crop. All SfaGSTs were composed of two subunits and the 28 kDa subunit of the isoenzyme SfaGST1 reacted strongly to an antiserum raised to the maize theta-type GSTZm GSTI-11. SfaGST1 also appeared to be very similar in substrate specificity to the major maize GST ZmGSTI-I. The similarity of SfaGST1 and ZmGSTI subunits was confirmed by RT-PCR using primers specific to ZmGSTI, with a 370 bp DNA amplification product from S. faberi showing 88% identity at the nucleotide level to the corresponding sequence of ZmGSTI. However, SfaGSTs also differed significantly from ZmGSTs. Unlike maize, only one isoenzyme, SfaGST2, detoxified chloroacetanilides. Also, SfaGST3 and SfaGST4 resembled tau-type GSTs from maize in showing high activities toward fluorodifen, but these SfaGSTs were not recognised by an antiserum raised to the maize tau-type GST ZmGSTV-VI. SfaGST4 also differed from the ZmGSTs described to date in showing high activities toward atrazine. Our results demonstrate that while some GSTs are conserved in grass crops and weeds, others are quite different. |
| Title: Seasonal abundance and spatial pattern of Setaria faberi, Chenopodium album, and Abutilon theophrasti in reduced-tillage soybeans. |
| Author: Mulugeta-Dawit ; Boerboom-Chris-M. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 47 (1) 95-106. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: A better understanding of the influence of various crop and weed management practices on spatiotemporal dynamics of weeds could improve the design of integrated weed management systems. We examined the influence of 18- and 76-cm soybean row spacings on emergence pattern and spatial aggregation of giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, and velvetleaf seedling cohorts. In addition, we characterized the soil seedbank and determined the quantitative and spatial relationship between the seedbank and seedling populations. Viable seeds of about 10 weed species and twice as many species of seedlings were identified in the weed community. Giant foxtail and common lambsquarters were the predominant species in the seedling and seedbank population, respectively, each accounting for 60 to 70% of the total weed species density. Emergence of giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, and velvetleaf depleted 12 to 33%, < 2% and 12 to 49% of the seedbank in the upper 10 cm of the soil profile. Peak time and periodicity of weed emergence was not influenced by soybean row spacing, and peak time of emergence of giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, and velvetleaf occurred 3 to 4, 3 to 6, and 3 to 9 weeks after soybean planting (WAP), respectively. Magnitude of giant foxtail emergence 5, 6, and 9 WAP was 98, 96, and 76% greater in 76- than in 18-cm row soybeans only when the population of 76-cm row soybeans was 57% lower than the 18-cm soybeans in 1997. Giant foxtail and common lambsquarters seeds in the seedbank were aggregated in 1996 and 1997 according to the Taylor power law (TPL) and the negative binomial distribution (NBD). The TPL and the NBD were similar in describing the spatial aggregation of giant foxtail and common lambsquarters but not some velvetleaf seedling cohorts. The spatial aggregation of seedlings varied among cohorts for different weed species and was likely due to species-specific biological characteristics that influence seed dispersal, germination, and seedling emergence. Within a 1.5-ha area, aggregation declined with decreasing density. Within a 24-m2 area, the level of aggregation of all weed species decreased as seedling densities increased. These results indicated that soybean row spacing influenced neither weed emergence pattern nor weed spatial aggregation; thus, several management decisions can be similar in 18- and 76-cm row soybeans. |
| Title: Glutathione transferases and herbicide detoxification in suspension-cultured cells of giant foxtail (Setaria faberi). |
| Author: Hatton-Pamela-J; Cummins-Ian; Price-Lindsey-J; Cole-David-J; Edwards-Robert. |
| Source: Pesticide-Science. 53 (3) 209-216. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Glutathione transferases (GSTs) catalysing the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, the chloro-s-triazine herbicide atrazine, the chloroacetanilide herbicides metolachlor and alachlor and the diphenyl ether herbicide fluorodifen have been identified in suspension-cultured cells derived from the grass weed giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.). In contrast to suspension-cultured cells of maize, where atrazine-conjugating GSTs are lost during de-differentiation, the GSTs active toward this herbicide in S. faberi plants were also expressed in cultures, suggesting that these isoenzymes are subject to different regulation in the crop and weed. As a result, glutathione conjugation was the major route of atrazine metabolism in S. faberi cultures. Activities of these GSTs were maximal three days after sub-culturing when the cells were dividing most actively, when they were determined to be in the order CDNB > alachlor > metolachlor = fluorodifen > atrazine. This indicated that GSTs which are enhanced during cell division can metabolise herbicides. On the basis of activity per mg protein, GST activities in the cultures were between 20 and 60-fold higher than those determined in the foliage of S. faberi seedlings. The GSTs with activity towards CDNB were resolved into three peaks following anion-exchange chromatography at pH 7.8 using Q-Sepharose. Peak 1 GSTs were not retained, while peak 2 and peak 3 were sequentially resolved with an increasing concentration of salt. Peak 1 GSTs showed activity toward metolachlor and atrazine but showed little activity toward fluorodifen. Peak 2 and peak 3 GSTs were active toward atrazine and metolachlor, with peak 3 being particularly associated with activity toward fluorodifen. The GSTs in these peaks were then further purified using S-hexyl-glutathione-agarose affinity chromatography. In each case, the affinity-bound fraction of the GSTs consisted of 28 kDa and 26 kDa polypeptides, suggesting that the GST isoenzymes in S. faberi cultures are composed of related subunits. Our results demonstrate that the GST isoenzymes involved in herbicide metabolism in suspension cultures of a grass weed show a similar level of complexity to that determined in maize cell cultures. |
| Title: Influence of environment during maternal plant growth on dormancy of shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) seed. |
| Author: Kegode-George-O ; Pearce-R-Brent. |
| Source: Weed-Science. May-June, 1998; 46 (3) 322-329. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: The germination behavior of giant foxtail and shattercane seed was investigated to determine whether environment in which maternal plants grow and progeny seed develop affects seed dormancy. Giant foxtail and shattercane seed was collected in 1985, 1991, and 1992. Plants from this seed were grown to maturity in the field and the greenhouse in 1993 and 1994. Experiments were conducted using mature progeny seed collected from these plants to determine the influence of environment of maternal growth on seed germination. Greenhouse-raised giant foxtail seed was more dormant than field-raised seed. Progeny of the 1991 giant foxtail collection had the most dormant seed, whereas progeny of the 1992 collection had the least dormant seed. Field-raised shattercane seed was more dormant than greenhouse-raised seed, but this dormancy was easily overcome by placing them in fluctuating temperatures. Moist stratification of giant foxtail seed increased its overall germination and reduced the differences in germination between individual collections and between field- and greenhouse-raised seed lots. Moist stratification of shattercane seed resulted in increased variability in germination within and among seed lots. Subjecting shattercane seed to freezing and thawing was most detrimental and caused an 89% reduction in germination due to seed death. These data indicate that before overwintering, giant foxtail seed differed in germination percentage, but overwintering reduced these differences. Shattercane seed produced in different environments had similar germination percentage. This suggests that successful overwintering depends on its ability to survive freezing and thawing conditions. |
| Title: Influence of fluctuating temperatures on emergence of shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi). |
| Author: Kegode-George-O ; Pearce-R-Brent; Bailey-Ted-B. |
| Source: Weed-Science. May-June, 1998; 46 (3) 330-335. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Understanding patterns of shattercane and giant foxtail field emergence during the spring and summer in the Midwest is important to determine the best weed management programs for crop production systems. The primary objective of this study was to determine percentage emergence of shattercane and giant foxtail under field conditions as influenced by soil temperature fluctuations, in 1992 and 1993. A secondary objective was to determine the difference in emergence percentage based on shattercane and giant foxtail seed lots harvested in different years (1985, 1991, and 1992). Soil temperature fluctuations were manipulated by artificially shading the soil surface with plastic netting that provided 30, 60, and 90% of incident sunlight in addition to the full sunlight control (0% shade). Giant foxtail and shattercane seed was planted at depths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 cm under each shade, and emergence was monitored for 45 d. Soil temperature fluctuations were reduced by increasing depth and amount of shade. Increasing depth of seed significantly reduced percentage emergence by 63 and 54% for shattercane, and 71 and 73% for giant foxtail in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Decreasing light intensity significantly reduced percentage emergence of shattercane by 72 and 73% in 1992 and 1993, respectively, but did not decrease giant foxtail emergence. Seed lots of both species were different from one another both years. These results were consistent over years, even though 1993 precipitation was three times that for 1992. Therefore, shattercane seed uses diurnal fluctuations in temperature to sense proximity to the soil surface and covering vegetation to avoid germination when conditions are unfavorable for growth. In contrast, giant foxtail seed can germinate readily and grow when environmental conditions are within an acceptable range and when seed is not buried too deeply. Differences in percentage emergence between seed lots could play a major role in emergence patterns of shattercane and giant foxtail observed in the field and may be influenced by environmental conditions during seed development on parent plants. |
| Title: Effect of separating giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) seeds from soil using potassium carbonate and centrifugation on viability and germination. |
| Author: Luschei-Edward-C; Buhler-Douglas-D ; Dekker-Jack-H. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 46 (5) 545-548. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Changes in weed seedbank composition are often monitored by removing seeds from soil samples. One extraction method accomplishes this by creating a slurry of soil and a concentrated inorganic salt solution. Centrifugation is then used to separate constituents of differing densities. We have found that centrifugation of giant foxtail seeds in 3.2 M potassium carbonate solution as conducted in a centrifugation/flotation extraction method can reduce viability as measured by germination and tetrazolium tests. In one experiment, centrifugation/flotation separation reduced germination of giant foxtail seeds from 94 to 52%. The likely cause of seed damage was the high pH of the potassium carbonate solution in conjunction with the increased hydrostatic pressure due to centrifugation. While centrifugation affected quantitative measures of seed viability, it did not alter qualitative viability estimates using a pressure test. |
| Title: Optimizing foliar activity of isoxaflutole on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) with various adjuvants. |
| Author: Young-Bryan-G ; Hart-Stephen-E. |
| Source: Weed-Science. July-Aug., 1998; 46 (4) 397-402. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Greenhouse, laboratory, and field studies were conducted to evaluate the potential of nonionic surfactant (NIS), crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), and 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) to enhance whole plant efficacy, absorption, and spray retention of foliar applications of isoxaflutole to giant foxtail. In greenhouse studies, isoxaflutole at 10 g ai ha-1 reduced giant foxtail growth 5%, whereas the addition of a spray adjuvant reduced giant foxtail growth at least 75%. The addition of UAN improved giant foxtail growth reduction when used in combination with isoxaflutole plus NIS. Isoxaflutole spray retention on the leaf surface was increased with an adjuvant and a further increase was observed with the addition of UAN. Isoxaflutole applied with NIS, COC, and MSO resulted in 42, 60, and 91% 14C absorption, respectively, compared to 21% absorption from isoxaflutole applied alone 24 h after treatment (HAT). Increased 14C absorption and entry into the cuticle when an adjuvant was utilized with isoxaflutole resulted in greater translocation of 14C from isoxaflutole out of the treated leaf Significant basipetal movement from foliar applications of 14C-isoxaflutole suggests phloem mobility. In field studies, isoxaflutole applied with MSO provided greater giant foxtail growth reduction compared to isoxaflutole applied with NIS and in some cases COC. The addition of UAN to isoxaflutole did not increase whole plant efficacy in field studies. These studies indicate isoxaflutole has excellent potential to be used for control of existing giant foxtail present at the time of corn planting if an adequate adjuvant is utilized. |
| Title: Setaria faberi Hermann in Veneto (Italy). |
| Author: Izco-Jesus. |
| Source: Archivio-Geobotanico. 1997; 3 (1): 107-116. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Setaria faberi is recorded for the first time in Italy (Veneto). |
| Title: Giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) control in sethoxydim-resistant corn (Zea mays). |
| Author: Young-Bryan-G ; Hart-Stephen-E. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 45 (6) 771-776. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Field studies were conducted at Dekalb and Urbana, IL, in 1995 and 1996 to evaluate the effectiveness of sethoxydim for giant foxtail control in sethoxydim-resistant (SR) corn. Experiments studied sequential and total postemergence applications of grass herbicide standards compared to sethoxydim. Additional studies evaluated the compatibility of sethoxydim with postemergence broadleaf herbicides. Metolachlor plus atrazine and metolachlor followed by dicamba plus atrazine gave at least 88% control of giant foxtail at both locations in both years. Metolachlor plus flumetsulam plus clopyralid provided 90% or greater grass control over all experiments, with the exception of only 75% control at Dekalb in 1995 due to a heavy giant foxtail infestation. In comparison, flumetsulam plus clopyralid followed by postemergence applications of sethoxydim or nicosulfuron provided the same level of grass control as preemergence metolachlor, except at Dekalb in 1995 where control was 72% for both sethoxydim and nicosulfuron. Sequential applications of sethoxydim increased control of giant foxtail compared to a single sethoxydim application in 1995. Sethoxydim applied alone controlled giant foxtail 8% better than nicosulfuron at Urbana in 1996. Postemergence sethoxydim applied alone provided 87% or better control of giant foxtail. Sethoxydim performance was consistent when applied with flumetsulam plus clopyralid plus 2,4-D (NAF-73), halosulfuron plus dicamba, and bromoxynil. The efficacy of sethoxydim was reduced in combination with dicamba plus atrazine in three of the four trials, and bentazon plus atrazine as well as primisulfuron plus prosulfuron in all trials. Sethoxydim outperformed nicosulfuron in combinations with bromoxynil at Urbana. These studies indicate sechoxydim has excellent potential to be used in corn for postemergence control of giant foxtail. |
| Title: Influence of nitrate and ammonium nutrition on the growth of giant foxtail (Setaria faberi). |
| Author: Salas-Maria-L ; Hickman-Michael-V; Huber-Don-M; Schreiber-Marvin-M. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1997; 45 (5) 664-669. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate growth and seed production of giant foxtail under different N sources (NO-3 and NH-4) and N fertilizer application rates. Nitrate and NH-4 fertilizers plus nitrification inhibitor were applied at 56, 112, and 225 kg N ha-1 under field conditions, and in the greenhouse four N rates (1, 5, 10, and 25 mM N) were applied in three NO-3: NH-4 ratios (100: 0, 50: 50, 0: 100). Growth of giant foxtail was affected by N rates under both greenhouse and field conditions. In 1993, abundant rainfall in May and June allowed a rapid and earlier uptake of N by giant foxtail, resulting in larger plants with greater N accumulation and higher numbers of heads and seeds than in 1994. Total dry weight increased with increasing N rates; however, seed production reached a maximum at approximately 150 kg N ha-1. Nitrogen translocation efficiency decreased with increasing N rates. Giant foxtail did not show any preference to N form; however, seed production was reduced when the high N rate was applied as NH-4 Compared to NO-3. These results suggest that NH-4 fertilizer applications with a long-term nitrification inhibitor could reduce the seed production of giant foxtail and its contribution to the soil seedbank for subsequent growing seasons. |
| Title: Giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) interference in nonirrigated corn (Zea mays). |
| Author: Fausey-Jason-C; Kells-James-J; Swinton-Scott-M; Renner-Karen-A. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1997; 45 (2) 256-260. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Studies were conducted at East Lansing, MI, in 1994 and 1995 to examine corn yield response to giant foxtail interference and to examine the effect of giant foxtail density on giant foxtail biomass, seed production, and seed germination. Treatments consisted of 0, 10, 30, 60, 84, and 98 giant foxtail plants m-1 of row in 1994 and 0, 10, 27, 30, 60, and 69 plants m-1 of row in 1995. The influence of giant foxtail density on corn yield fit a hyperbolic equation. Corn yields were reduced 13% in 1994 and 14% in 1995 from 10 giant foxtail plants m-1 of row. Corn dry matter at maturity was decreased 24 and 23% from 10 giant foxtail plants m-1 of row in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Giant foxtail seed production increased linearly as inflorescence length increased. The length of a single giant foxtail inflorescence increased as plant density increased and the number of inflorescence produced per plant decreased. Giant foxtail seed production ranged from 518 to 2,544 seeds per plant. Ten giant foxtail plants m-1 of row produced 15,700 seeds m-2. Giant foxtail seed germination was not affected by plant density. |
| Title: Germination, emergence, and growth of giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum). |
| Author: Fausey-Jason-C; Renner-Karen-A. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1997; 45 (3) 423-425. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Controlled environment experiments were completed to determine the effect of temperature on giant foxtail and fall panicum germination, emergence, and growth. Giant foxtail seed germination decreased when exposed to a constant 30 C compared to 20 C. Germination also decreased in the alternating 20/30 C temperature regime when the hours of exposure to 30 C as compared to 20 C increased. Fall panicum required alternating temperatures of 14 C (9 h)/28 C (15 h) to germinate. Giant foxtail seed germination exceeded 60% 4 d after exposure to an alternating temperature of 7 C (9.4 h)/20 C (14.6 h). Conversely, fail panicum seed did not germinate at the 7 C (9.4 h)/20 C (14.6 h) temperature regime and required a minimum of 7 d exposure to alternating temperatures of 13 C (8.7 h)/26 C (15.3 h) for 88% of the seed to germinate. The greatest emergence of giant foxtail and fall panicum was from 1 cm and 1 to 2.5 cm, respectively. Less than 5% of the giant foxtail and fall panicum seed emerged from 7.5 cm. The growth of giant foxtail seedlings was five times greater than that of fall panicum at each temperature regime tested. Incorporation of this information into bioeconomic models could result in accurate predictions of weed germination for effective weed management strategies. |
| Title: Absence of differential fitness between giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) accessions resistant and susceptible to acetyl-coenzyme a carboxylase inhibitors. |
| Author: Wiederholt-Ronald-J; Stoltenberg-David-E. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1996; 44 (1) 18-24. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine the productivity, inter-, and intraspecific competitive ability of giant foxtail accessions resistant (PCW1) and susceptible (AC1) to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors. Under noncompetitive conditions in the field, shoot dry biomass, plant height, and leaf area over time were similar between the PCW1 and AC1 accessions. The instantaneous relative growth rate and instantaneous net assimilation rate did not differ between the accessions; however, the instantaneous leaf area ratio was slightly greater for the AC1 accession than the PCW1 accession. The seed yield was similar between the PCW1 and AC1 accessions. Addition series experiments were conducted in the field to determine the intraspecific competitive ability of the PCW1 and AC1 accessions. Regression surface analysis of reciprocal mean shoot dry biomass and seed yield indicated that the relative competitive ability of the PCW1 and AC1 accessions was similar. Replacement series experiments were conducted in the greenhouse with or without corn to determine the interspecific competitive ability of the accessions. The relative growth rate, shoot dry biomass, and seed yield of the PCW1 and AC1 accessions were greater without than with corn competition. The relative competitive ability of the PCW1 and AC1 accessions was similar with or without corn competition based on shoot dry biomass or seed yield. These results indicated that the intra- and interspecific competitive ability of the PCW1 and AC1 giant foxtail accessions are similar and suggest that resistance to ACCase inhibitors has not reduced the relative fitness of the PCW1 accession. |
| Title: The effect of maize residues and tillage on emergence of Setaria faberi, Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album. |
| Author: Buhler-D-D ; Mester-T-C; Kohler-K-A. |
| Source: Weed-Research. 1996; 36 (2) 153-165. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Tillage and maize (Zea mays L.) residues at up to four times the base level had variable effects on the emergence of four annual weed species in the field. Environmental conditions varied during the three years of the research and interacted with residue and tillage to govern seedling emergence. When tillage affected Setaria faberi Herrm., emergence was greater in untilled than tilled plots. The effect of residues varied among years. Abutilon theophrasti Medik. emergence from tilled soil was greater than from untilled soil in two of three years. Maize residue at two or four times the base level reduced emergence. Amaranthus retroflexus L. emergence was often greater from untilled than tilled soil. The effect of maize residues on this species was dependent on tillage and precipitation. Chenopodium album L. emergence was affected by tillage and residues but differences over the three years were inconsistent. Results of this research indicate that tillage and residues interact with weed species, precipitation and other factors to regulate seedling emergence. The reduced soil disturbance and minimal weed seed burial associated with the elimination of tillage appear to have a greater impact on weed population dynamics than surface residues in non-tillage maize production systems. |
| Title: Giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione herbicides. |
| Author: Stoltenberg-David-E; Wiederholt-Ronald-J. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1995; 43 (4) 527-535. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: A giant foxtail (PCW1) population putatively resistant to fluazifop-P and sethoxydim was identified in a carrot, onion, and corn cropping system in Wisconsin during 1991. Previous, extensive use of fluazifop and fluazifop-P over several years imposed a high level of selection intensity on grass weeds. In a field experiment, fluazifop-P, sethoxydim. and quizalofop at recommended dosages resulted in 58, 53, and 45% plant survival, respectively, within the PCW1 giant foxtail population; no plants survived treatment with clethodim or nicosulfuron, and few plants survived treatment with imazethapyr at recommended dosages. Based on shoot dry biomass reduction in greenhouse experiments, a PCW1 giant foxtail biotype had 16-, gt 9-, 4.9-, and 4.2-fold resistance to fluazifop-P, diclofop, quizalofop, and fenoxaprop, respectively, relative to a giant foxtail (AC1) accession that was susceptible to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) and cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides. The PCW1 biotype had 134-fold resistance to sethoxydim and slight and inconsistent resistance to clethodim. The PCW1 biotype and AC1 accession were equally susceptible to imazethapyr, linuron, and oxyfluorfen. Based on plant survival, a PCW1 giant foxtail accession had 25- and gt 143-fold resistance to fluazifop-P and sethoxydim, respectively, relative to the AC1 accession. The selection intensity associated with repeated use of fluazifop and fluazifop-P over 5 yr contributed to the cross-resistance of PCW1 giant foxtail to APP and CHD herbicides. |
| Title: Contrasted effects of CO-2 on the regulation of dormancy and germination in Xanthium pennsylvanicum and Setaria faberi seeds. |
| Author: Yoshioka-T ; Ota-H; Segawa-K; Takeda-Y; Esashi-Y. |
| Source: Annals-of-Botany-London. 1995; 76 (6) 625-630. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The effects of CO-2, on dormancy and germination were examined using seeds of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.). The rate of germination of the giant foxtail seeds as well as cocklebur was promoted by exogenously applied CO-2 at a concentration of 30 mmol mol-1 regardless of the sowing conditions. However, seeds which failed to germinate in the presence of CO-2, entered a secondary phase of dormancy under unfavourable germination conditions. If CO-2 was applied to seeds under conditions such as water stress imposed with a 200 mol m-3 mannitol solution, a hypoxic atmosphere of 100 mmol mol-1 CO-2 or a treatment of 0.1 mol m-3 ABA, development of secondary dormancy was accelerated. These contrasted effects of CO-2 were observed in ecological studies. Under natural field conditions germination of buried giant foxtail seeds responded positively to CO-2 during a period of release from primary dormancy from Feb. to May, but CO-2 accelerated secondary dormancy commencing in early Jun. In other words, in the presence of CO-2, both the environmental conditions and the germination states of the seeds clearly showed secondary dormancy-inducing effects. Thus, it seems that CO-2 has contrasted effects on regulation of dormancy and germination of seeds depending on the germination conditions. |
| Title: ON 13200 early preplant controls giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) season-long in no-till soybean (Glycine max). |
| Author: Kapusta-George; Krausz-Ronald-F; Matthews-Joseph-L. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1993; 7 (4) 872-878. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Field studies were conducted in 1991 and 1992 to evaluate the duration of giant foxtail control in no-till soybean with MON 13200 alone and with imazaquin applied up to 2 mo prior to planting. MON 13200 at rates ranging from 224 to 448 g al/ha applied up to 57 d before planting controlled 97 to 99% of giant foxtail averaged over years. MON 13200 plus imazaquin applied approximately 45 or 30 d before planting controlled 92 to 99% of giant foxtail compared with 53, 64, and 65% and 61, 69, and 78% in plots treated with alachlor, metolachlor, or pendimethalin plus imazaquin, respectively. Differences in control of giant foxtail among the herbicides evaluated were minimal when applied 15 or 0 d before planting. Little or no soybean injury was observed in 1991; up to 30% was observed in 1992 but final soybean height was not affected. Nomenclature: Alachlor, 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide; imazaquin, 2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid; metolachlor, 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methyoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide; MON 13200, methyl 2-difluoromethyl-4-isobutyl-5-(4,5-dihydro-2-thiazolyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-3-pyrindinecarboxylate; pendimethalin, N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Williams 82'; giant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. -3 SETFA. |
| Title: The effect of giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) plant height on control with six postemergence herbicides. |
| Author: Krausz-Ronald-F; Kapusta-George; Lmatthews-Joseph. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1993; 7 (2) 491-494. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Field experiments were conducted from 1986 to 1988 to evaluate giant foxtail control at four plant heights by six POST grass herbicides. Clethodim, fenoxaprop, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop, quizalofop, and sethoxydim controlled 95% or more of 60-cm giant foxtail all three years at the labeled herbicide application rates. Control of 7-, 15-, and 30-cm giant foxtail with fenoxaprop, fluazifop-P, quizalofop, and sethoxydim was dependent upon soil moisture conditions at application. Clethodim and haloxyfop provided the greatest control (89 to 99%) regardless of plant height or soil moisture conditions. No herbicide injured soybean. Soybean seed yield with POST grass herbicides was equal to or greater than yield in the hand-weeded plots. |
| Title: Atrazine reduces primisulfuron transport to meristems of giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). |
| Author: Hart-Stephen-E; Penner-Donald. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1993; 41 (1) 28-33. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of atrazine on efficacy, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of primisulfuron applied to velvetleaf and giant foxtail. Efficacy of primisulfuron was reduced by 18 and 22% when applied at 20 and 40 g ai ha-1, repsectively, in combination with 1.7 kg ai ha-1 atrazine to velvetleaf. Efficacy of primisulfuron was reduced by 15 and 16% when applied at 30 or 60 g ai ha-1, respectively, in combination with 1.7 kg ai ha-1 atrazine to giant foxtail. Foliar absorption of 14C-primisulfuron by either weed species was not affected by addition of atrazine to the treatment solution. Atrazine had no effect on metabolism of 14C-primisulfuron by either weed species. In the absence of atrazine, translocation of absorbed 14C from primisulfuron out of treated leaves of velvetleaf and giant foxtail averaged 19 and 29%, respectively, across sampling times. These values were reduced to an average of 9 and 16% in velvetleaf and giant foxtail, respectively, when 14C-primisulfuron was applied in combination with atrazine. The majority of translocated 14C from primisulfuron was transported acropetally in velvetleaf and basipetally in giant foxtail. Atrazine significantly reduced 14C translocation from primisulfuron to these meristematic sinks in both weed species. Reduced translocation was positively correlated with reduced control of these weeds when primisulfuron was tank mixed with atrazine. |
| Title: Heterogeneity and size of a persistent seedbank of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Setaria faberi Herrm. |
| Author: Rothrock-P-E ; Squiers-E-R ; Sheeley-S. |
| Source: Bulletin-of-the-Torrey-Botanical-Club. 1993 (1994); 120 (4) 417-422. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: The heterogeneity and size of a persistent seedbank of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Setaria faberi Herrm. were studied in two neighboring 7-m times 7-m plots. One hundred sixty pairs of 500-cm-3 soil samples were evaluated by both the 'flotation method' and 'germination method.' The results obtained by the two methods showed few significant differences between sample means. The density of A. artemisiifolia and of S. faberi seedbanks differed between study plots by an order of magnitude. The A. artemisiifolia seedbank also displayed significant heterogeneity within one plot. Seedling density in the m-2 surrounding sampling sites was highly correlated with seedbank size (r gt 0.95). These data were used to estimate seedbank size across the field and a probability of conversion from seed to seedling. |
| Title: Mutant weeds of Iowa: V. S-triazine resistant Setaria faberi Herrm. |
| Author: Thornhill-R; Dekker-J. |
| Source: Journal-of-the-Iowa-Academy-of-Science. 1993; 100 (1) 13-14. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: S-triazine resistance in giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) has been reported previously, but not in the midwestern U.S. corn belt or Iowa (USA). A study was conducted using a chlorophyll fluorescence assay to confirm the presence of resistance in one S. faberi population in Iowa. Variable chlorophyll fluorescence assays confirmed that a population of this species with this type of resistance exists in Iowa. This is the first report of s-triazine resistance in S. faberi, and the fourth species with this type of herbicide resistance, found in an Iowa agroecosystem. |
| Title: Influence of tillage, crop rotation, and weed management on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) population dynamics and corn yield. |
| Author: Schreiber-Marvin-M. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1992; 40 (4) 645-653. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: A long-term integrated pest management study initiated in 1980 and continued through 1991 was conducted to determine interactions of tillage, crop rotation, and herbicide use levels on weed seed populations, weed populations, and crop yield. This paper presents giant foxtail seed population and stand along with corn yield in continuous corn, corn rotated with soybean, or corn following wheat in a soybean-wheat-corn rotation. Increasing herbicide use levels above the minimum reduced giant foxtail seed in the 0- to 2.5 cm depth of soil. Reducing tillage from conventional moldboard plowing to chiseling to no-tilling increased giant foxtail seed in only the top 0 to 2.5 cm of soil. No-tilling increased giant foxtail seed over conventional tillage in each year data were collected. Growing corn in a soybean-corn or soybean-wheat-corn rotation reduced giant foxtail seed from corn grown continuously in all three soil depths sampled: 0 to 2.5 cm, 2.5 to 10 cm, and 10 to 20 cm. Although stands of giant foxtail tended to follow soil weed seed counts, crop rotation significantly reduced giant foxtail stand with maximum reduction in the soybean-wheat-corn rotation in all tillage systems. Giant foxtail stands were reduced following wheat in no-tilling, probably because of the allelopathic influence of wheat straw. Corn yields showed weed management levels above minimum control are not justified regardless of tillage and crop rotation. |
| Title: NA |
| Author: NA |
| Source: Pesticide-Biochemistry-and-Physiology. 54 (3) 199-209. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: |
| Abstract: The influences of plant age on levels of extractable glutathione transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) active in detoxifying atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, and fluorodifen and on the availability of glutathione (GSH) have been determined in leaves of corn (Zea mays L. var. Artus) and the competing weed giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm). Young corn plants, up to 30 days old, contained higher extractable GST activities toward atrazine, alachlor, and metolachlor than did giant foxtail plants of similar age. After 30 days growth, this difference was lost as the specific activities of the GSTs in corn declined while the GST activities in giant foxtail remained largely unchanged. Foliar applications of atrazine showed that the herbicide was only selectively phytotoxic to young giant foxtail plants, when the differences in GST activities between corn and giant foxtail were the greatest. The levels of GSH were highest in the foliage of younger plants of both species, though the levels of the thiol were always significantly higher in giant foxtail than those determined in corn. Dissection of the foliage of giant foxtail plants showed that there was an inverse correlation between the age of the leaves and the GST activity and GSH content. Increasing the GSH content of mature detached giant foxtail leaves by feeding with oxothiazolidine-2-carboxylate increased the rate of metabolism of (14C)atrazine in vivo but did not reduce steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence due to the presence of atrazine. Decreasing the GSH content in giant foxtail leaves by treatment with buthionine sulfoximine resulted in an unexpected increase in the rate of metabolism of (14C)atrazine and a reduction in the chlorophyll fluorescence caused by atrazine treatment. We conclude that GSH-mediated detoxification may be important in determining selectivity in seedlings but is less important in more mature plants. |
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