SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for Picea abies
Common name: Norway Spruce
| Title: Induction of disease resistance in Norway spruce (Picea abies) by necrotizing fungi. |
| Author: Krokene-P ; Solheim-H; Christiansen-E. |
| Source: Plant-Pathology-Oxford. 50 (2): 230-233. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2001 |
| Abstract: Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) preinoculated with the root rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum, Nectria fuckeliana or a pathogenic strain of the blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica were more efficiently protected against a subsequent massive inoculation with pathogenic C. polonica than trees pretreated with nonpathogenic C. polonica or sterile malt agar. Control trees that received no pretreatment were extensively colonized by the mass inoculation. There was a strong negative correlation between the length of the phloem necroses induced by the pretreatment inoculations and the extent of host symptoms caused by mass inoculation with pathogenic C. polonica. The degree of induced resistance in Norway spruce thus depended on the amount of host tissue destroyed by the pretreatment. |
| Title: Postglacial recolonization routes for Picea abies K. in Italy as suggested by the analysis of sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. |
| Author: Scotti-I ; Vendramin-G-G; Matteotti-L-S; Scarponi-C; Sari-Gorla-M; Binelli-G. |
| Source: Molecular-Ecology. [print] June, 2000; 9 (6): 699-708. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: The routes through which Norway spruce recolonized the Alps after the last ice age were investigated at the genetic level. Seven populations along the Alpine range plus one Apennine population were characterized for seven sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) loci, detecting an overall FST = 0.118. This rather high value for forest species reflects an uneven distribution of genetic variability, and was analysed through different statistical methods. Alternative hypotheses were tested under the isolation-by-distance model and using the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) frame. We conclude that the hypothesis of the existence of a glacial refugium in the Apennines should be rejected, while a putative relict population is identified in the Maritime Alps. The Alpine range of Norway spruce appears to be split in two parts across a north-south line. The results are discussed in comparison with data based on morphological markers, isozymes, chloroplast microsatellites and mitochondrial markers. |
| Title: Morphological and ecological variation of Gremmeniella abietina var. abietina in Pinus sylvestris, Pinus contorta and Picea abies sapling stands in northern Finland and the Kola Peninsula. |
| Author: Kaitera-Juha ; Seitamaki-Leena ; Jalkanen-Risto. |
| Source: Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research. 15 (1): 13-19. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: The morphological and ecological variation of two types of Gremmeniella abietina var. abietina causing scleroderris canker on conifers was investigated in Pinus spp. and Picea sp. sapling stands in northern Finland and the Kola Peninsula. Small-tree type (STT or B type) of G. abietina was detected alone in 13 Scots pine, three lodgepole pine and two Norway spruce saplings stands out of 26 stands investigated, both STT and large-tree type (LTT or A type) were observed in six Scots pine stands, and LTT was detected alone in two Scots pine stands. For the first time, G. abietina was found to injure Norway spruce sapling in a respective plantation in northern Fennoscandia. STT isolates produced statistically significantly more conidia in vitro than LTT isolates. Morphological variation in conidia septation revealed that STT produced conidia with more than five septa more frequently than did LTT. There was a greater range in variation in septation in STT than in LTT, with overlapping between the types. Isolates of both types were equally associated with cankers, coloured wood, pycnidia or apothecia in the infected saplings. |
| Title: Phytoseiid mites from Christmas tree (Picea abies and Abies nordmanniana) plantations in England: Potential biocontrol agents of eriophyoid and tetranychid mites. |
| Author: Fitzgerald-Jean-D; Solomon-Mike-G. |
| Source: International-Journal-of-Acarology. 26 (2): 193-196. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: Samples were taken from commercial Christmas tree plantations in England to determine the species of predatory phytoseiid mites on these trees, as a prerequisite to assessing the potential for biocontrol of eriophyoid and tetranychid mites. Numbers of phytoseiids in sprayed plantations were low. In larger, unsprayed trees on the same sites, phytoseiids were more numerous. Four species were identified: Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten, Anthoseius rhenanus (Oud.), Amblyseius andersoni Chant and Amblyseius cucumeris (Oud.). Typhlodromus pyri was the most common species found in sprayed plantations. |
| Title: Cono- and seminiphagous insects of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. and their parasitoids in lower and upper montane zone of the Tatra National Park in Poland. |
| Author: Koziol-M. |
| Source: Journal-of-Applied-Entomology. 124 (5-6): 259-266. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: A study of the insects inhabiting of cones of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. in the Tatra National Park was conducted during 1987-92. As a result of breeding and analyses of the cones collected from trees at various altitudes above sea level, 53 746 specimens of cono- and seminiphagous insects were collected. Interior damage to cones and the losses of spruce seeds caused by pests were measured, with regard both to the variable cone crop abundance of spruce and to different altitudes above sea level. The role of parasitoids in limiting the numbers of some cono- and seminiphagous insects was also estimated. |
| Title: Optimizing the management of a Picea abies stand under risk of butt rot. |
| Author: Moykkynen-T ; Miina-J ; Pukkala-T. |
| Source: Forest-Pathology. 2000; 30 (2): 65-76. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: A simulation model was developed to predict the growth of a Norway spruce stand under risk of butt rot caused by Heterobasidion annosum stump infection and logging injuries. The simulation model was distance-dependent; tree growth was predicted with a distance-dependent model, and the spread of butt rot through root contacts depended on tree location. Infection of stumps and injured trees, and the spread of butt rot in the stand were stochastic processes whereas tree growth and mortality were treated as deterministic processes. The simulation model was used with the nonlinear optimization algorithm of HOOKE and JEEVES (J. Assoc. Comput. Mach, 8, 212-229, 1961) to find the most profitable management schedule for an even-aged, young stand. Optimization used four different stump infection rates and two spreading capacities from infected stumps. The profitability was evaluated by the expected soil expectation value (SEV) at a 3% interest rate. Two thinnings, both in winter-time, and hence without H. annosum infections, resulted in the highest SEV. If any stump infection by H. annosum occurred, only one thinning and a shortened rotation were suggested. The optimal thinning rate tended to decrease but also large trees were removed with the increasing infection rate. With one thinning during a rotation, stump treatment was profitable above a stump infection rate of 10%. |
| Title: The impact of Sirococcus shoot blight on radial and height growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in young plantations. |
| Author: Halmschlager-E ; Gabler-A ; Andrae-F. |
| Source: Forest-Pathology. 30 (3): 127-133. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: The impact of Sirococcus shoot blight on the radial and height growth of Norway spruce in a young plantation (approximately 20 years old) was investigated by examining the increment losses for four infection intensities (classes). The average diameter at breast height of trees in the lightly damaged class was 72% when compared with the average diameter of the healthy trees, whereas moderately and severely damaged tree classes were 67 and 57%, respectively. Using tree ring analysis, the development of radial growth over time due to intensity of infection was studied. Height growth of affected trees was also significantly reduced (up to 43%) compared with the healthy trees, thus indicating a dramatic impact of Sirococcus conigenus on the growth of young Norway spruce. |
| Title: Physical top soil properties in pure stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and mixed species stands in Austria. |
| Author: Berger-Torsten-W ; Hager-Herbert. |
| Source: Forest-Ecology-and-Management. [print] 1 October,; 136 (1-3): 159-172. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: This study was done to evaluate the impact of pure Norway spruce stands on physical soil properties of top soil in comparison to mixed species stands on comparable sites. It was hypothesized that the flat root system of spruce causes soil compaction, which would have a negative impact on the soil aeration and hydraulic properties and consequently on seedbed quality, as well as early tree growth and seedling establishment. Hence, this topic is important for forest restoration, especially converting secondary pure spruce stands to mixed species stands. Forty-eight sites (24 pairs pure spruce stand/mixed species stand) of different stand development stages (mature stage, pole stage) were selected on two different bedrock materials (Molasse, Flysch). Undisturbed soil cores were taken from 0-4 and 4-8 cm soil depth and the following soil parameters were determined: (total) bulk density, remaining fine soil bulk density, dry masses of coarse fragments, roots and forest floor, organic carbon content, total soil pore volume as well as macropore volumes (after free drainage for 24 h and after water desorption at 10 kPa). The remaining fine soil bulk density was a useful parameter for characterization of the state of compactness. Pure spruce stands caused a lower bulk density of the upper mineral soil due to lifting and loosening of the soil above the root system. Results of calculated macropore volumes after water desorption at 10 kPa were exactly conform with those obtained for the remaining fine soil bulk density, indicating significant differences for the grouping variables bedrock material and species composition. It is concluded from this study that changes of soil physical properties of the upper mineral soil (0-8 cm soil depth) by Norway spruce will not reduce germination and growth of mixed species trees. However, chemical and nutritional changes were not subject of this study, which are expected to limit the success of forest restoration. |
| Title: Influence of environmental factors on generative reproductive ability of Picea abies (L.) Karst. in the Tatra National Park. |
| Author: Fleischer-Peter ; Ostrolucka-Maria-Gabriela; Ludvova-Adela. |
| Source: Ekologia-Bratislava. 19 (2): 117-124. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: In the year 1995 during elevated spruce flowering and seed yield we collected 76 pollen and 48 seed samples from individual trees from the southern slopes of the Tatra Mountains. Pollen and seed germination capacity and pollen tube length were used as indicators of generative reproductive ability. The influence of selected environmental factors such as health status, biosociological rank, traffic and altitude above sea level on reproductive ability was analysed. Results showed variable response of individual trees and indicated the role of anthropogenic stress on generative reproductive ability. |
| Title: Attacks by Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus on windthrown spruces (Picea abies) during the two years following a storm felling. |
| Author: Gothlin-Erik ; Schroeder-Leif-Martin; Lindelow-Ake. |
| Source: Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research. 15 (5): 542-549. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: Attacks by Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus during the first 2 yrs after a storm were studied on 1848 windthrown spruces (Picea abies) in southern Sweden. In the first and second summer, 29% and 24%, respectively, of the spruces were attacked by I. typographus, while 21% and 44%, respectively, were attacked by P. chalcographus. High stumps were attacked less frequently than tops, broken trees and windfelled trees with root contact. In both years, trunks in gaps were preferred over those in stands. The proportion of windthrown trees attacked by I. typographus increased with stem diameter, whereas the opposite was true for P. chalcographus. Positive interspecific associations between the species were found on the lower, middle and upper third parts of the trees in the first summer and on the lower part in the second summer. The results are discussed with regard to forest protection and nature conservation. |
| Title: Effects of stump-treatment substances for root-rot control on ground vegetation and soil properties in a Picea abies forest in Sweden. |
| Author: Westlund-Anders ; Nohrstedt-Hans-Orjan. |
| Source: Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research. 15 (5): 50-560. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: There is increasing commercial interest in treating stumps to restrict the spread of root rot (Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.) when thinning Swedish coniferous forests during the summer. Both chemical and biological substances are used for this purpose. During the treatment, however, a large proportion of the substance applied is spilled beside the stumps. A field study was conducted on the effects of stump-treatment substances on various ground-vegetation species in a Picea abies (L.) Karst. forest in Sweden. Three different substances commonly used in forestry were studied: urea solution (0.23 kg N m-2), borate solution (10 g B m-2) and a fungal preparation of Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jul. spores (1 g spores m-2). The principal objectives were to assess whether any of the substances were harmful to plants and whether plant species differed in their sensitivity. Both borate and urea solution caused severe damage to most ground-vegetation species tested. Bryophytes were affected more strongly than vascular plants and urea was slightly more toxic than borate. Treatments with P. gigantea caused no obvious damage. The size and persistence of chemical changes in the soil induced by the treatments were also analysed. Transient changes were apparent in topsoil where borate or urea had been added. Very high concentrations of B were initially observed where borate had been applied, and even after 1 yr they were slightly higher than the threshold concentration at which plant injuries are expected. Urea treatment initially resulted in a pH increase of 2 units and a substantial increase in soil ammonium content. After 1 yr these effects had largely disappeared, although some increase in ammonium was still detectable. |
| Title: Assessment of site characteristics as predictors of the vulnerability of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) stands to attack by Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae). |
| Author: Dutilleul-P ; Nef-L; Frigon-D. |
| Source: Journal-of-Applied-Entomology. 124 (1): 1-5. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: The intensity of bark beetle Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) attack on Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) is known to vary greatly among stands. In a control strategy approach, previous studies investigated the relationships between the variability in intensity of I. typographus attack and site characteristics such as stand age and altitude, mean tree circumference, growth rate and nearest-neighbour distance, soil moisture, pH in H2O and KCl, and soil contents of C, N, K, P, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. The data analysis method used in these studies was mainly the multiple linear regression, with the mean number of attacks per spruce tree in a stand as variable to explain. Previous results showed that the expected vulnerability of a Norway spruce stand to attack by I. typographus can be estimated on the basis of simple information of easy access to the forester, when the data on the stand in question is used with others for fitting the regression model. Prediction of the vulnerability of a stand, without including its data in the fitting of the model, was shown to be more approximate. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to improve the performance of models predicting the vulnerability of Norway spruce stands to attack by I. typographus, based on site characteristics; (2) to assess the stability of such predictive models when these are built using a moderate number of stands; and (3) to incorporate the resulting information in a global approach to control and prevention. Published data were re-analysed for these purposes. A jackknifed multiple linear regression procedure, in which each stand in turn is discarded when fitting the model (jackknife replication), is presented. A great variability in the models fitted, depending on the stand discarded, is observed. For instance, the number of explanatory variables retained ranges from one (i.e. soil P content, for five jackknife replications) to 10 (for one jackknife replication), for R2-values ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 and for one influential stand (i.e. the same stand characterized by an atypically low number of insect attacks compared to other stands with similar soil P content) against many influential stands. Differences between the model finally selected here using the revisited data and the models proposed earlier are discussed. A path analysis diagram is proposed for a more comprehensive modelling of Norway spruce stand vulnerability to I. typographus attack, based on site characteristics. |
| Title: Spread of Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii decay in living stems of Picea abies. |
| Author: Vasiliauskas-R. |
| Source: Forestry-Oxford. 1999; 72 (2): 95-102. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Fifteen injured Picea abies stems infected with Amylostereum areolatum and 14 stems with A. chailletii were cut and dissected. There were no significant differences between the spread of A. areolatum and that of A. chailletii within the stems. During the first 10 years after injury, average vertical spread for both species was 2.8 m, and spread over stem cross section constituted approximately 130-160 cm2, thus affecting 30-40 per cent of the total cross section area. Tunnels made by woodwasp larvae were encountered in every analysed stem, and in all cases they were situated within the columns of decayed wood. Correlation analyses showed positive relationships between wound size and length of decay, between tree diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) and spread of decay over stem cross section, between tree d.b.h. and length of decay, and between width of annual growth rings and decay cross section area. |
| Title: Volvariella bombycina is recorded growing on the root of a living Picea abies, a host not previously reported in the Netherlands. |
| Author: de-Vries-G-A. |
| Source: Coolia-. 1999; 42 (1): 41-42. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Effects of biological and chemical treatments against Heterobasidion annosum on the microfungal communities of Picea abies stumps. |
| Author: Varese-Giovanna-Cristina ; Buffa-Giorgio ; Luppi-Anna-Maria ; Gonthier-Paolo; Nicolotti-Giovanni; Cellerino-Gian-Pietro. |
| Source: Mycologia-. Sept.-Oct., 91 (5): 747-755. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: This study describes the effects of biological treatments with Trichoderma harzianum, Hypholoma fasciculare, Phanerochaete velutina, Verticillium bulbillosum and Vuilleminia comedens and chemical treatment with propiconazole against Heterobasidion annosum, on the microfungal communities of Picea abies stumps in a forest in the Alps of northwestern Italy. Immediately after felling, 20 healthy stumps per treatment were sprayed with the treatment preparations and their surface was protected with an autologous wood disk. The controls were 20 untreated stumps covered with an autologous wood disk. Another 20 untreated stumps were left without a wood disk to evaluate disk effects on the naturally occurring mycoflora. The microfungal populations were evaluated after one yr on 27 shavings from each stump. Fifty-seven fungal taxa were isolated, and most were Deuteromycetes. The number of species was generally significantly lower in the treatments respect to the control; T. harzianum treatment reduced the most species, V. bulbillosum the least. Multivariate analyses differentiated four groups of treatments: one comprising the treatments with the three lignovorous Basidiomycetes, one comprising the treatments with V. bulbillosum and the control, one comprising the treatment with propiconazole and the untreated stumps without the wood disk, and one composed of the treatment with T. harzianum only. These findings provide evidence that the pattern of fungal colonization of Picea abies stumps is influenced, sometimes greatly, by the treatments examined. T. harzianum and V. bulbillosum had the greatest and the least effect, respectively, on the naturally occurring mycocenoses. |
| Title: Antifungal properties of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedling homogenates. |
| Author: Kozlowski-Grzegorz ; Metraux-Jean-Pierre. |
| Source: Acta-Societatis-Botanicorum-Poloniae. 1999; 68 (3): 191-195. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: The presence of antimicrobials in root, hypocotyl and cotyledon homogenates of Norway spruce was studied using in vitro assays with soil-borne pathogens. For the studies presented here Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as a typical host and forest tree and Pythium as a typical soil-borne pathogen were used. The highly virulent species Pythium ultimum and the less virulent species Pythium irregulare were chosen for all experiments. They are both the causal agents of damping-off disease, which can affect plants at a very early stage. The strongest antimicrobial effect was observed using medium prepared from older seedlings and containing extracts from cotyledons. The influence of various treatments on antimicrobials accumulation in spruce extracts was also tested. Seed coat shedding was observed to affect mortality of Picea abies seedlings infected by Pythium. Seedlings which had shed their seed coats were more resistant to Pythium attack. This phenomenon could be correlated with antimicrobial production in well developed cotyledons. |
| Title: Susceptibility of Norway spruce clones (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) to insects and roe deer in relation to genotype and foliar phytochemistry. |
| Author: Hertel-H ; Kaetzel-R. |
| Source: Phyton-Horn. 39 (4): 65-72. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: In a 20-year-old plantation of Norway spruce, there was substantial variation among clones in the amount of herbivory from several insect species and from roe deer. Genotypes of all 46 clones were characterized by isozyme markers at 23 polymorphic loci, and 12 clones were also described by chemical composition of foliage (e.g. amino acids, carbohydrates, and phenols). Among the genotypes there were strong relationships between single isozyme loci and foliar chemical composition and degree of insect or game attack. The results emphasize the need to maintain high genetic variability in forest tree populations. Genetic variation in predisposition to insect and mammal attack is one precondition for long-term stability of forest ecosystems. |
| Title: Affect of multiple stress impacts on the growth and development of Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings in montane forests in the Krkonose Mts. |
| Author: Falta-V; Cudlin-P ; Sera-B. |
| Source: Collection-of-Scientific-Papers-Faculty-of-Agriculture-in-Ceske-Budejovice-Series-for-Crop-Sciences. 16 (1): 13-20.Czech. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: The spontaneous regeneration of climax Norway spruce is probably correlated with many factors such as on conditions that a fructification success, seedling establishment and growth. There was investigate that, the locations with bigger stress factors had a lower of seedling number, a higher seedling dying, and a higher mortality probability. There was opposite results on the locations with smaller stress factors. It was confirm that the natural seed regeneration is result of the total health condition of Norway spruce (only the canopy connection is includes in this paper). |
| Title: Growth rate of Heterobasidion annosum in Picea abies established on forest land and arable land. |
| Author: Bendz-Hellgren-Malin ; Brandtberg-Per-Olov; Johansson-Martin ; Swedjemark-Gunilla ; Stenlid-Jan. |
| Source: Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research. 1999; 14 (5): 402-407. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: The growth rates of Heterobasidion annosum in Norway spruce were investigated in southern Sweden. In one study, stump and tree roots in stands established on previous forest or arable land were inoculated with H. annosum-infested sawdust. After 1-3 yrs, the linear extent of colonization by the fungus was measured, based on detection of its conidiophores on incubated samples. The average growth rate was 25 cm yr-1 in stump roots and 9 cm yr-1 in tree roots, neither of which differed significantly between forest and arable land. The felling of a decayed tree could enhance the spread of H. annosum within root systems. In the second study, the height of discoloration and extent of colonization by H. annosum, measured as above, were assessed in naturally infected trees. On average, discoloration moved through the roots and stem at a rate of 36 cm yr-1. Heterobasidion annosum was found 60 cm in advance of the discoloration, corresponding to a growth rate of 52 cm yr-1. |
| Title: Infection of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings with Pythium irregulare Buism. and Pythium ultimum Trow: Histological and biochemical responses. |
| Author: Kozlowski-Gregor; Metraux-Jean-Pierre. |
| Source: European-Journal-of-Plant-Pathology. 104 (3) 225-234. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: We have studied the reaction of Picea abies seedlings to infection with Pythium. The highly virulent species Pythium ultimum and the less virulent species Pythium irregulare germinated on the root and hypocotyl surface, formed appressoria and penetrated through the stomata as well as through the epidermis. No major differences in the growth of both fungal species were observed during the early events of colonization. The less virulent species formed about 25% more appressoria suggesting that the fungus experienced difficulties with penetration. Differences were observed in the response of the host plant to infection. Autofluorescence, possibly related to deposition of lignin or lignin-like materials increased more in cortical and endodermal tissue colonized with the highly virulent P. ultimum than with the less virulent P. irregulare. Chitinase activity was highest in the tissues most extensively colonized by the fungus. In addition, a systemic increase of chitinase activity was also detected. Interestingly, chitinase activity increased systemically in cotyledons which were never in contact with the pathogen, indicating the translocation of a systemic signal. Salicylic acid was also detected in spruce seedlings; its level increased in roots during infection with the less virulent P. irregulare. |
| Title: Stress conditions of a man-made Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) pure stand established outside its natural range in the region of the Drahanska Uplands. |
| Author: Klimo-Emil. |
| Source: Ecologie-Brunoy. 29 (1-2) 297-300. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: In the region of the Czech Republic, marked changes occurred in the species composition of stands in favor of spruce monocultures which replaced broadleaved and mixed stands. Spruce stands growing outside their natural range were affected by stress factors causing a number of negative ecological changes. These problems were monitored within the Rijec project in the region of the Drahanska Uplands where the development of a Norway spruce pure stand of the first (90 years) and second (15 years) generations were studied. It has been stated that stress conditions of the stands are linked to: 1) the change of surface humus and considerable organic N immobilization, 2) N deficit in the stand nutrition, and 3) clear-felling system of regeneration where N deficit in spruce stands of the second generation is increased. |
| Title: Spread of Stereum sanguinolentum vegetative compatibility groups within a stand and within stems of Picea abies. |
| Author: Vasiliauskas-Rimvydas ; Stenlid-Jan. |
| Source: Silva-Fennica. 32 (4) 301-309. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: A total of 57 naturally established Stereum sanguinolentum isolates was obtained from artificially wounded Picea abies stems in a forest area of 2 ha in Lithuania. Somatic incompatibility tests revealed 27 vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) that contained 1-10 isolates. There was no spatial clustering of S. sanguinolentum VCGs within the forest area. The extent of S. sanguinolentum decay was analysed in 48 P. abies stems, 926 cm in diameter at breast height. Within 7 years of wounding, the length of S. sanguinolentum decay column in stems was 107-415 cm (291.5+-77.3 cm on average), lateral spread of the fungus at the butt was 38-307 cm2 (142.3+-66.8 cm2) and decayed proportion of the stem cross-section at the wound site (the butt) was 3-84% (36.8+-19.7%). In average, S. sanguinolentum VCG that infected 10 trees exhibited more slow growth inside the stem than VCGs that infected only one tree, and vertical growth varied to a greater extent within this VCG than among different VCGs. Correlation between stem diameter and vertical spread of S. sanguinolentum was not significant (r = -0.103). Despite uniformity of debarked area on all stems 7 years ago (300 cm2), open wound sizes on individual trees at the time of study were between 97-355 cm2 (215.1+-59.2 cm2) indicating large differences in wound healing capacity. |
| Title: Genetic variation among clones of Picea abies in resistance to growth of Heterobasidion annosum. |
| Author: Swedjemark-G; Stenlid-J; Karlsson-B. |
| Source: Silvae-Genetica. 46 (6) 369-376. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: An inoculation experiment with Heterobasidion annosum on 98 four-year-old Picea abies clones was conducted on rooted cuttings under greenhouse conditions. One isolate of H. annosum and 10 ramets of each clone were used. After 34 days of incubation, fungal growth in sapwood and lesion length in the inner bark were measured. There were significant differences among clones in lesion length in the inner bark and in fungal growth in sapwood. Broad sense heritability was 0.35 for fungal growth and 0.27 for lesion length in the inner bark. Fungal growth and lesion length showed strong genotypic correlation. Bud-flushing index of the clones was correlated with mean fungal growth, whereas the growth termination index was not. Fungal growth in sapwood and lesion length in the inner bark of cuttings were not correlated with the mean height and provenance of 15-year-old ramets of the same clones in previously conducted field tests. |
| Title: Early seedling establishment of Picea abies in small forest gaps in the Swiss Alps. |
| Author: Brang-Peter. |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research. 28 (4) 626-629. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Early seedling establishment of Picea abies (L.) Karst. in small forest gaps was studied in drier, subalpine P. abies ecosystems in the Swiss Alps. Study sites were on steep south and north slopes. Average gap size was 15 m X 20 m on the south slope and 15 m X 70 m on the north slope. Sowing trials established on different microsites were observed for 2 or 3 years. Direct sunlight was assessed with hemispherical photography. Emergence was better on the north slope than on the south slope. On the south slope, emergence was higher on the mineral soil than on the organic layer and was negatively associated with direct sunlight, especially during the noon period. On both slopes, drought due to rainfall interception at the gap edge negatively affected emergence. The limiting factor for survival and growth on the south slope was drought (on the organic layer), whereas on the north slope lack of direct radiation and pathogenic fungi developing in the snowpack were limiting. The early regeneration niche on the south slope was narrower than on the north slope. |
| Title: Relationships between crown condition, tree nutrition and soil properties in the coastal Picea abies forests (Western Finland). |
| Author: Merila-Paivi ; Lindgen-Martti; Raitio-Hannu ; Salemaa-Maija. |
| Source: Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research. 13 (4) 413-420. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: The state of health of 30 Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) stands located on the uplifting coast of western Finland was examined in 1992. Relationships between crown condition, elemental concentrations of the needles, organic layer properties and soil type were studied using sitewise data. The site scores along the first axis of the Principal Component Analysis for certain needle and organic layer variables were used as the site fertility index. The spruces in the study area showed a higher level of defoliation and this occurred in younger stands than elsewhere in southern Finland. Defoliation and discoloration correlated positively with stand age, and negatively with the site fertility index. Low N and Cu concentrations of the needles were found in older stands where spruces were highly defoliated and discolored. Boron concentrations of the needles were highest in these stands. Total N of organic layer and extractable S concentrations were negatively correlated with stand age, defoliation and discoloration. The results suggest that poor crown condition of the coastal spruce stands is related to natural soil factors such as periodic water-logging and low fertility. Long-lasting soil frost as a consequence of thin snow cover might be an additional stress factor impeding water and mineral nutrient uptake in the beginning of the growing season. |
| Title: The postfire discomycete Geopyxis carbonaria (Ascomycota) is a biotrophic root associate with Norway spruce (Picea abies)in nature. |
| Author: Vralstad-T; Holst-Jensen-A; Schumacher-T. |
| Source: Molecular-Ecology. 7 (5) 609-616. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: The hypothesis that the postfire discomycete Geopyxis carbonaria (Ascomycota, Pezizales, Pyronemataceae) has a biotrophic association with roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in nature was tested by isolation of fungal strains from fresh, brown, smooth mycorrhiza-like root tips of Norway spruce collected from below the depth of detrimental heat penetration in a postfire site. The morphology of seven culture isolates originating from the smooth mycorrhiza-like root tips of two different spruce trees was congruent with the morphology of axenic culture isolates obtained from ascospores of G. carbonaria. DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 from these root-derived cultures and the ascosporic G. carbonaria culture isolates were found to be identical, further supporting the conclusion that the isolates were conspecific. The extensive ascocarp and ascospore formation of G. carbonaria which succeeds a forest fire may be explained in terms of a fungal escape from a moribund tree associate. Possible ecological adaptations of G. carbonaria to the pre- and postfire community are discussed. |
| Title: Interference of Vaccinium myrtillus on establishment, growth, and nutrition of Picea abies seedlings in a northern boreal site. |
| Author: Jaderlund-Anders ; Zackrisson-Olle; Dahlberg-Anders; Nilsson-Marie-Charlotte. |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research. 27 (12) 2017-2025.1997. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Vaccinium myrtillus L. ground vegetation in boreal forests reduces tree seedling survival and growth. We studied below- and above-ground competition and phytotoxicity of V. myrtillus on transplanted Ficea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings in a 3-year full factorial field experiment. Exclusion tubes were used to reduce and selectively test for belowground competition by V. myrtillus. Shoots of V. myrtillus were folded back to reduce aboveground competition. Reduced belowground competition by V. myrtillus increased P. abies current-year shoot length, shoot and root biomass, seedling nutrient concentration, and mycorrhizal colonization. Reduced aboveground competition affected P. abies seedling root biomass positively whereas seedling survival, shoot length, and shoot/root ratio were negatively affected. Addition of activated carbon to the soil surface to reduce the effect of possible phytotoxic leachates from V. myrtillus leaves and litter had no effects on P. abies seedling survival and growth. No significant interactions among treatments were found. We conclude that suppressed growth of P. abies seedlings in V. myrtillus sites of northern boreal forests is caused mainly by belowground resource competition. |
| Title: Neoglacial climate control of subarctic Picea abies stand dynamics and range limit in northern Sweden. |
| Author: Kullman-Leif ; Engelmark-Ola. |
| Source: Arctic-and-Alpine-Research.29 (3) 315-326. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The study focused on the performance of the spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) range limit in northern (subarctic) Sweden during the Neoglacial period of the Holocene, mainly after the climax of the Little Ice Age. Subfossil wood remains suggest that the geographic spruce tree limit has remained fairly stable for slightly more than the past 2000 14C yr. Previous postulates about delayed immigration and continual spread are contradicted in favor of a dynamic climate/spruce equilibrium. The mechanism restricting the spruce distribution was inferred to be severe annual ground frost characterizing this climatically continental and snow-poor region, which is crossed by the limit of discontinuous permafrost. An extensive (landscape scale) age structure analysis showed near-exponential population build-up over the past 100 yr or so. This manifested as densification of outlying stands and sparse range limit advance by some tens of kilometers. These responses clearly related to increased snowfall during the early (December) and late winter (March). In consequence, annual ground frost and permafrost declined in general, which made the least ground frost prone sites equable for establishment and persistent growth (less risk of winter desiccation) of spruce. These inferences are strengthened by tendencies for decreased spruce regeneration and vitality during the past decades, coincident with some exceptionally cold and snow-poor early winters. It is speculated that the structure and performance of the studied system, i.e. outliers checked by severe ground frost, is a small-scale analogy to the situation preceding the general late Holocene expansion of spruce in Fennoscandia. |
| Title: Egg distribution and survival of Cinara pilicornis (Hartig) (Hom., Lachnidae) on damaged and undamaged Norway spruce (Picea abies) (L.) Karst. |
| Author: Stadler-B. |
| Source: Journal-of-Applied-Entomology.121 (2) 71-75. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The spruce shoot aphid (C. pilicornis) (Hartig) lives on Norway spruce (P. abies (L.) Karst.) and deposits its overwintering eggs on current year needles. Ovipara density and the distribution of their eggs on trees at two different sites of the Fichtelgebirge (north-east of Bavaria), with host trees showing either heavy symptoms of needle-yellowing (Oberwarmensteinach) or look green and healthy (Waldstein) is investigated. In addition, winter mortality of eggs and egg development until birth of the fundatrices is followed. Host plant quality does not seem to influence the proportion of eggs surviving to spring. Also, the biomass of developing first instar larvae of the fundatrices was independent of the degree of needle yellowing. However, significantly more eggs/shoot and eggs/twig were found on hosts without growth disturbance which is due to a higher ovipara density and a higher fecundity of individual ovipara. Damaged or stressed trees do not seem to be better hosts for C. pilicornis. A significant correlation was found between the biomass of first instar larvae of fundatrices and the time of egg hatching. The high phenotypic plasticity of C. pilicornis on good quality plants is discussed and potential implications for forestry are assessed. |
| Title: Resistance to water flow in the xylem of Picea abies trees grown in contrasting edaphic conditions. |
| Author: Sellin-Arne. |
| Source: Proceedings-of-the-Estonian-Academy-of-Sciences-Ecology. 6 (1-2) 26-40. |
| Source Type: Paper |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The hydraulic architecture of Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees growing in contrasting edaphic conditions was investigated. The trees grown in a well-drained brown forest soil and a waterlogged highbog soil differed significantly in the hydraulic properties of the xylem. The relative conductivity of the xylem (k) of trees grown in well-drained soil was 1.1-2.2 times larger than the k measured in boa-grown trees. The mean tracheid radius explained 73%, the diameter of the xylem segment 8%, and tree age 5% of the total variation in k. The mean leaf-specific conductivity for the stems of the trees grown in brown forest soil was about 1.8 times larger than that for bog-grown trees, i.e., the potential water transport capacity of the stem per unit of leaf weight was significantly higher for trees in the well-drained soil than for trees in the waterlogged soil. The trees in the well-drained soil, which are at a greater risk of water stress, have a conducting system with a larger margin of safety than the bog-grown trees. |
| Title: Importance of spruce swamp-forests for epiphyte diversity and flora on Picea abies in southern and middle boreal Finland. |
| Author: Kuusinen-M. |
| Source: Ecography-. 19 (1) 41-51. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The epiphyte (lichens and bryophytes) species richness, diversity and composition on basal trunks of Picea abies in spruce swamp-forests were compared to adjacent mesic forests on mineral soil in two southern and two middle boreal sites in old-growth forest patches in Finland. The sampling was carried out along four line transects parallel to swamp-forest margin: 1) in the spruce swamp-forest, 2) at the swamp-forest margin, 3) on mineral soil c. 10-20 m off the swamp-forest margin and 4) on mineral soil at least 50 m off the swamp-forest margin. In the two southern boreal sites there was a decreasing trend in the average species number per tree from the trees in swamp-forests (21 -25 species) to the trees on mineral soil (17-18 species), whereas in the two more humid and virgin middle boreal sites a similar trend was not detected (25-28 species on all trees). There were no major differences in the epiphyte flora between the locations or study sites; the dominant species occurred on nearly all sample trees. The crustose lichens Cliostomum leprosum, Arthonia leucopellaea and Lecanactis abietina were the most common species that were mainly confined to the swamp-forests in the southern boreal sites, C. leprosum also in the middle boreal sites. In addition, several rare species occurred exclusively on the swamp-forest trees. Lecanactis abietina extended significantly higher on the swamp-forest trees than on the trees on mineral soil in the southern boreal sites. The spruce swamp-forests proved to be one of the most important habitats for maintaining the epiphyte diversity in the boreal forest landscape. |
| Title: Rise and demise of cold-climate Picea abies forest in Sweden. |
| Author: Kullman-Leif. |
| Source: New-Phytologist.134 (2) 243-256. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The study focuses on structural and compositional dynamics of high-elevation (boreal) mixed Picea-Betula forest in the Swedish Scandes. Data from seven years' monitoring of crown condition (defoliation), seed viability, soil and air temperatures, a tree-ring chronology and the age structure of Picea are presented. Real long-term dynamism of the tree cover was inferred from radiocarbon dates of buried subfossil wood. At all time-scales, the forest has responded sensitively to thermal variability. Picea seed viability, demography and radial growth correlated positively with summer temperature. The current Picea population largely results from warming during the first half of the 20th century. However, cooler climate in the past c. five decades has led to reduced population and radial growth as well as accelerating crown defoliation. This decline is related primarily to winter soil temperatures. The mechanism of needle loss is deduced to be winter desiccation and resulting cavitation of the xylem. It is hypothesized that previous similar episodes have been balanced by periods of spruce expansion. The successional history leading up to the present stage includes fire disturbance and subsequent cooling during the Little Ice Age, which prolonged and consolidated the early post-fire Betula phase. Pinus was incapable of penetrating these unusually dense birch stands, whereas the shade-intolerant spruce could establish progressively as climate warmed. This course of structural and compositional dynamism relates to complex interactions of disturbance, climate change and reproductive responses. |
| Title: Inference of vigour and host quality of Norway spruce, Picea abies, towards the development of Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). |
| Author: Baier-Peter. |
| Source: Entomologia-Generalis. 21 (1-2) 27-35. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The breeding success of Ips typographus (Linnaeus 1758), artificially inserted on spruce logs, was compared with tree parameters (degree of defoliation, growth parameters) and with starch and nitrogen content of the phloem. The breeding success was significantly reduced on damaged trees. The tree-vigour-index was the most important indicator for the breeding suitability of the host. Starch and nitrogen content modified the host quality, whereas seasonal variations of the host quality could also be found. |
| Title: Aphid honeydew and its effect on the phyllosphere microflora of Picea abies (L.) Karst. |
| Author: Stadler-Bernhard; Mueller-Thomas. |
| Source: Oecologia-Berlin. 108 (4) 771-776. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Aphids of the genus Cinara, feeding on Norway spruce, excrete copious amounts of honeydew, a carbon-rich waste product, which accumulates locally on needles and twigs. We investigated the role of honeydew as a potential source of energy which might promote the growth of micro-organisms in the phyllosphere of conifer trees. To approach this question, we followed the population dynamics of Cinara spp. in a natural forest stand over two seasons. We also studied the amounts of honeydew produced by individual aphids and identified potential parameters which might influence honeydew production. Finally, we determined the growth of microorganisms on infested and uninfested needles of Norway spruce during the growing season. Confined to Picea abies, the investigated Cinara species only became abundant in midsummer, when needles and shoots were expanding. The populations showed only a single peak in abundance, the timing and magnitude of which may vary from year to year due to weather conditions, changes in plant quality in a yearly cycle or the impact of natural enemies. The amount of honeydew produced by individual aphids was dependent on the developmental stage of the aphid, the nutritional supply of its host plant and on the developmental state of the Norway spruce (e.g. bud burst, end of shoot extension). The presence of honeydew significantly increased the growth of bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi on the surface of needles and there was a pronounced seasonal trend, with the highest abundance in midsummer correlating with the period of peak aphid abundance. Taken together, these findings indicate that aphids have an influence on microbial ecology in the phyllosphere of trees. The implication of our study, from interactions at the population level to effects and potential consequences for C and N fluxes at the level of forest ecosystems, is discussed. |
| Title: Establishment of Picea abies seedlings in a central European mountain grassland: An experimental study. |
| Author: Prach-K ; Leps-J; Michalek-J. |
| Source: Journal-of-Vegetation-Science.7 (5) 681-684. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Secondary meadows in the Krusne hory mountains, central Europe, are not colonized by woody species, although they have been abandoned for half a century and are surrounded by Picea abies (Norway spruce) forests. The causes of inhibition of establishment of Norway spruce seedlings in the meadows were tested experimentally. The experiment was started in a masting year to ensure sufficient seed input. Four treatments (vegetation cut; vegetation cut and litter removed; all above-ground biomass and topsoil removed; control) were combined in a factorial design. The effect of browsing, mainly by deer, was assessed by fencing half of the experimental plots. Seedling establishment differed among treatments (all pair-wise differences were significant) but was independent of fencing. In contrast, seedling survival was influenced both by the treatment and fencing. At the end of the second year, only the plots with all biomass and organic topsoil removed supported viable populations of spruce seedlings. Dense herb cover and a thick layer of slowly decaying litter are considered the main factors inhibiting the establishment of woody species. |
| Title: Estimation of tree replacement patterns in an Appalachian Picea-Abies forest. |
| Author: Busing-R-T. |
| Source: Journal-of-Vegetation-Science. 7 (5) 685-694. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Patterns of tree species replacement in a Picea-Abies forest, determined by several different methods, are compared and the methods are assessed. Methods are grouped as either understory-based or gap-based estimates of replacement. The understory-based methods characterize canopy-understory interactions with spatial statistics, sapling density measurement, sapling frequency measurement, and successor sapling identification beneath live canopy trees. The gap-based methods include sapling density measurement, sapling frequency measurement, and successor sapling identification in tree-fall gaps. Methods except those based on frequency indicate a strong trend of replacement of all canopy species by Abies. Understory-based methods may underestimate canopy recruitment of intolerant trees, while gap-based methods relying on sapling density or frequency may overestimate recruitment of intolerant trees. Estimates based on the selection of successor saplings in the understory or in gaps are reliable. Gap successor estimates consider the process of gap capture and are useful in analyses of forest dynamics. |
| Title: Interference of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) seedling establishment. |
| Author: Dolling-Ann-H-U. |
| Source: Forest-Ecology-and-Management. 88 (3) 227-235. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The nature of interference of bracken with Scots pine and Norway spruce seedling establishment was considered in three field experiments. In a seeding experiment, it was found that Scots pine germination was highest on exposed mineral soil and lowest when intact bracken litter and humus were present, suggesting adverse effects of litter and humus on pine regeneration probably due to phytotoxicity. In a second experiment, smothering by bracken caused high mortality of Scots pine seedlings while Norway spruce seedlings were relatively unaffected. Mortality for both Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings was low when planted in an adjacent Scots pine-bilberry stand with no bracken. Annual shoot growth of Norway spruce was higher in bracken than in Scots pine-bilberry vegetation while no differences in shoot growth between these two vegetation types occurred for Scots pine. In a third experiment, activated carbon was added to the ground under Norway spruce seedlings planted in bracken to adsorb possible phytotoxic compounds released by bracken. The addition of carbon had no effect on seedling mortality or growth rate, indicating that the seedlings were not susceptible to allelochemicals released by bracken. Since large Norway spruce seedlings were relatively unaffected by bracken interference in this study, artificial regeneration with containerized Norway spruce seedlings is suggested to achieve an acceptable conifer tree establishment on clear-cuts invaded by bracken. |
| Title: The immigration of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. into a natural forest stand in southern Sweden during the last 2000 years. |
| Author: Bjorkman-Leif; Bradshaw-Richard. |
| Source: Journal-of-Biogeography. 23 (2) 235-244. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The continental scale migrations of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. are under a broad climatic control, but disturbance and local factors influence the immigration of these species into individual forest stands. Palaeoecological analysis of a small forest hollow in the boreo-nemoral zone of southern Sweden has shown that a forest stand with largely unbroken forest continuity resisted immigration of Fagus for almost 1000 years. Two fires about 950 and 330 years ago were the disturbing factors that facilitated eventual Fagus immigration. Picea immigrated and achieved co-dominance in a single generation, without resistance from the existing forest. Thus migrational lag is demonstrable for Fagus but not Picea. The immigration of these two dominating species coupled with a severe reduction in tree species diversity has resulted in a total change in forest competition during the last few centuries despite the maintenance of a structural forest continuity. Some of these changes are attributable to changes in the grazing regime, but the forest stand is as close to 'natural' conditions as can be found in S. Sweden. |
| Title: Fungi in bark peeling wounds of Picea abies in central Sweden. |
| Author: Vasiliauskas-R; Stenlid-J ; Johansson-M. |
| Source: European-Journal-of-Forest-Pathology. 26 (6) 285-296. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: A total of 210 Norway spruce trees with stem wounds resulting from bark peeling by moose (Alces alces) were examined in three 45-50-year-old stands that contained 20-30% of damaged trees. Injured stems were between 8 and 40 cm diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) and showed 1 to 23-year-old wounds. Wounds varied in size from 2 to 4815 cm-2. The size of injury correlated negatively with the age of the injury (r = -0.24; p = 0.004), and positive correlation was 'established between the age of the injury and d.b.h. of the wounded tree (r = 0.50; p = 0.0001). Each wound was sampled once using an increment borer and fungi were isolated. Among basidiomycetes, Stereum sanguinolentum was the most common (isolated from 26.7% of the damaged stems). Other common species were Cylindrobasidium evolvens (23.8%), Amylostereum areolatum (51%), A. chailetii (0.5%), Heterobasidion annosum (5.2%), Peniophora pithya (1.4%), Sistotrema brinkmannii (1.0%). The ascomycete Nectria fuckeliana was the most common among all fungi (Present in 35.7% of bark peeling wounds). The frequency of S. sanguinolentum infection correlated positively with the age of the injury (r = 0.27; p = 0.0001) and the opposite relationship was revealed for C. evolvens (r = -0.30; p = 0.0001). Furthermore, C. evolvens infection correlated positively with the wound size (r = 0.30; p = 0.0001) and negatively with the tree d.b.h. (r = -0.20; p = 0.004). A positive correlation was found between tree d.b.h. and the occurrence in stems of H. annosum (r = 0.23; p = 0.001 and N. fuckeliana (r = 0.23; p = 0.0006). The spruce bark beetle Dendroctonus micans attacked 14.8% of Wounded trees. Presence in stems of N. fuckeliana was associated significantly with the D. micans attack (r = 0.190; p = 0.006; chi-2 test: p = 0.01). Except for a negative correlation between infections of S. sanguinolentum and H. annosum (r = -0.140; p = 0.04), no significant relationship between fungal species was found. |
| Title: Site index curves for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) planted on abandoned farm land. |
| Author: Johansson-Tord. |
| Source: New-Forests. 11 (1) 9-29. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Growth data were collected from 157 Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands planted on farm land in Sweden from 55 to 66 degree N. The mean age of the stands was 41 years (range, 25-91), the mean stand density 1640 stems ha-1 (range, 400-3722), and the mean diameter at breast height (outside bark) 25 cm (range, 12-48). The height growth was measured in 56 stands during the initial five years after plantation and followed systematically until the stands were 30 years old. Early height growth for spruces growing on clay soils was lower than for trees growing on sand, till and peat soils. The height increment for 5-year-old spruces predicted the height increment for mature spruces (30-50 years old). Site index curves were constructed for total age. Curves for H-40 (dominant height at 40 years total age) were made for both northern (50 stands, 61-66 degree N) and southern (107 stands, 55-61 degree N) Sweden. Site index curves for H-50 at total age are presented for Sweden as a whole (Lat. 55-66 degree N) and southern Sweden only. Curves based on breast height age were also constructed for H-40 and H-50. Curves fitted for H-40 at breast height were well in accordance with the curves presented in the past for spruce on forest lands by Nordic studies. The curves from the present study have slower growth for young spruces than curves for forest land. For 40-90-year-old spruce stands, curves from the present study indicate taller heights than from forest land curves. |
| Title: Defence reactions of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) to controlled attacks of Ips typographus (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) in relation to tree parameters. |
| Author: Baier-P. |
| Source: Journal-of-Applied-Entomology. 120 (10) 587-593. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The defence reactions of 105 Norway spruce trees in response to controlled attacks of Ips typographus were analysed and five groups with different defence reactions were recognized. Growth- and vigour-indices showed no significant correlation with the induced reactions, but parameters of bark anatomy were most important. Due to secondary radial growth, the formation of periderm was intensified. Thereby, the density and thickness of radial resin ducts in the phloem increased, the number of boring attempts decreased Lind the number of boring attempts, defended by primary resin exudation, increased. Seasonal changes in the defence reaction could partly be traced back to changes in starch reserves in the phloem. Temporary changes in carbohydrate and water balance may affect the defences, but structural and anatomical properties of the bark govern the basic conditions for the responses to invading bark beetles. |
| Title: On the characterization of spruce (Picea abies, Pinaceae) seedlings growth in the communities of primary southern taiga forests. |
| Author: Abrazhko-V-I; Abrazhko-M-A. |
| Source: Botanicheskii-Zhurnal-St-Petersburg. 81 (7) 101-108. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The main biometric indices of 1-2-year-old seedlings of Picea abies are presented. In the primary spruce communities the spruce seedlings are characterized by the very low growth and small size. This resulted in their low competitive ability and high level of elimination. In the spruce forests with Sphagnum mosses, the seedlings are larger and more resistant to the unfavorable conditions than those in the highly productive communities. |
| Title: Competing vegetation effects on initial growth of planted Picea abies. |
| Author: Nilsson-Urban ; Gemmel-Pelle; Hallgren-Jan-Erik. |
| Source: New-Zealand-Journal-of-Forestry-Science. 26 (1-2) 84-98. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Growth during the first two growing seasons in response to different levels of above- and below-ground competition was evaluated for Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) seedlings on a clay moraine in southern Sweden. Spruce seedlings were planted in plots and left undisturbed, or mowed, or mowed and shaded, or treated with herbicides, or treated with herbicides and shaded. The aim of the shading treatment was to simulate the light levels below the canopy of the ground vegetation in the undisturbed plots. Spruce seedling growth was reduced by the presence of competing vegetation regardless of whether the vegetation was mown or not. Shading only reduced growth to a minor extent. Soil water potentials were reduced in all treatments during periods of drought. However, undisturbed plots showed the lowest levels of soil moisture and the periods of drought extended over longer periods of time than in plots where the vegetation was either mown or removed with herbicides. Carbon isotope analysis and measurement of needle lengths indicated no differences in water stress for seedlings in undisturbed plots compared to seedlings in herbicide-treated plots. Seedlings in undisturbed and mown plots had lower needle nitrogen concentrations than seedlings in herbicide-treated plots. Therefore, it was concluded that competition between weeds and seedlings planted on clay moraine was mainly below ground and that lower availability of nitrogen in untreated and mown plots may have been an important limitation for growth. |
| Title: Spatial patterning in the canopy gap regime of a subalpine Abies-Picea forest in the northeastern United States. |
| Author: Battles-John-J ; Fahey-Timothy-J; Harney-Ellen-M-B. |
| Source: Journal-of-Vegetation-Science. 1995; 6 (6) 807-814.1995. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Spatial patterning in the disturbance regime of a forest affects the vegetation dynamics. Therefore, the distribution of canopy gaps was examined in detail for a subalpine Abies-Picea forest in the northeastern United States. Gaps were not randomly distributed. The fraction of forest area in gaps and the abundance of gaps varied significantly with topographic position, elevation, and slope percent. On average, 15% of the forest was influenced by gaps, but the gap fraction was greater near rides (23%) and near streams (27%) than on the backslope (13%). Also, gaps were larger and more abundant near streams and ridges. Gap fraction varied with elevation as well: more of the forest was disturbed at lower and higher elevations than at mid-elevations. Significantly more of the forest on steep slopes ( gtoreq 30%) was under gaps. As a result of this patterning, some parts of the Abies-Picea forest were predictably more disturbed than others. A remaining question is whether this patterning is sufficient to influence the regeneration environment and thus forest composition. |
| Title: Infection of Norway spruce (Picea abies) by Heterobasidion annosum in relation to tree age. |
| Author: Rieger-S. |
| Source: European-Journal-of-Forest-Pathology. 25 (6-7) 357-365. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The presence of H. annosum in stems and roots of young Picea abies of different age classes was determined in four heavily infected stands in Southern Germany. The frequency of infected trees increased with age (0% in age class 1 (1-10 years), 7,5% in class 2 (11-20 years), 33,3% in class 3 (21-30 years)). Only the S-type was found. An additional investigation of 1-10-year-old trees growing on stumps with H. annosum decay or tightly surrounded by carpophores yielded an infection rate of 20% (mainly S-type). H. annosum was confined to very small regions in the host tissue in these cases. |
| Title: Altitudinal adaptation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) progenies indicates small role of introduced populations in the Karkonosze Mountains. |
| Author: Modrzynski-J. |
| Source: Silvae-Genetica. 44 (2-3) 70-75. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: It is believed that many of the Norway spruce stands in Karkonosze Mts. are of foreign origin. To determine what is the real share of such stands, eighteen were ecotypically identified based on the phenology and growth of progeny. The characters, observed or measured in 2 distant nurseries were: bud set index (in the first and second growing season), bud flushing index (second growing season), diameter and height (after the second and fifth growing season) as well as height increment, crown diameter and roots dry matter (after the Fifth growing period). It appears that most of the investigated stands fit well into the altitudes at present occupied by them in the Karkonosze Mts. Even the poorest adapted populations show average altitudinal deviations of 125 m to 156 in which fit easily the tolerance zones accepted for the seed transfer. It is strongly recommended that spruce stands in Karkonosze Mts. be regenerated in a natural way and that local seed resources he used for artificial regeneration. |
| Title: Genetic structure, diversity and differentiation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in natural populations of Latvia. |
| Author: Goncharenko-G-G; Zadeika-I-V; Birgelis-J-J. |
| Source: Forest-Ecology-and-Management. 1995; 72 (1) 31-38. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The genetic structure of five populations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in Latvia was investigated by starch gel electrophoresis. On the basis of the analysis of 16 gene-enzyme systems encoding 26 allozyme loci, levels of gene diversity and differentiation among the populations were determined. On average, more than 70% of the loci per population were polymorphic, the number of alleles per locus was 2.262, and the expected and observed heterozygosities were 0.186 and 0.185, respectively. Analysis of F-statistics showed an average 0.9% excess of heterozygotes per population, relative to the Hardy-Weinberg ratio. Only 1.7-1.8% of the observed genetic variation appeared to be interpopulation variance, the remainder was due to differences among individuals within populations. Estimates of genetic distance among populations ranged from 0.003 to 0.012. The data obtained ascertain that there is a very low differentiation and a close genetic relationship in the Latvian Norway spruce populations. |
| Title: New and firm evidence for Mid-Holocene appearance of Picea abies in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden. |
| Author: Kullman-Leif. |
| Source: Journal-of-Ecology. 83 (3) 439-447. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: A subalpine clonal population of Picea abies in the Scandes Mountains (Sweden) was analysed with respect to age structure, height and radial growth, foliage vigour and radiocarbon dates of subfossil wood fragments. 2. A tree-ring chronology yielded consistently low annual increments from AD 1600 to the mid-1800s. Subsequently, radial growth, initiation of new stems and height growth increased in accord with climate warming and possibly deeper snow cover. The growth form changed from krummholz to erect tree-size. During the past c. 50 years growth has declined and supra-nival stems have eroded. The reason is climate cooling mediated by the complex temperature/snow cover/ground frost, which appears as a critical determinant of the Holocene Picea spread. 3. Subfossil Picea wood was dated to c. 4800-4700 radiocarbon years BP (two dates), i.e. Picea grew here more than 2000 years prior to inferences from pollen data. Obviously, stray finds of pollen may represent local presence and it is hypothesized that Picea immigrated to specific microhabitats even earlier than the date established here, possibly soon after the regional deglaciation. Much later it could spread regionally as climate gradually became less seasonal, damper and more snow-rich, in response to orbital forcing of insolation. 4. Early immigration, well before local or regional dominance, precludes migrational tag and rather suggests that in a landscape perspective a dynamic equilibrium between Picea abundance and climate has existed for most of the Holocene. The elevational range-limit, however, may have been out-of-phase with climate for centuries or millennia, tuned to climate mainly by phenotypic responses. |
| Title: Geographical distribution of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) feeding on Abies, Picea, and Pseudotsuga in western Canada and Alaska. |
| Author: Shepherd-R-F; Gray-T-G ; Harvey-G-T. |
| Source: Canadian-Entomologist.127 (6) 813-830. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Male moths of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, C. biennis Freeman, C. fumiferana (Clemens), and C. orae Freeman were caught in pheromone-baited traps. Ten traps were placed at each site, five baited with an aldehyde lure and five with an acetate lure. This procedure permitted separation of species based on the specific chemical lure and also provided specimens for further study of morphological and isozyme differences. The color of the forewings, presence or absence of spicules on the aedeagus, and a specific allozyme frequency were determined on selected specimens where these characteristics were useful in separating species at a particular site. Distributions of all species were more extensive than previously known, sometimes adding hundreds of kilometers to the recorded range. Areas of sympatry were identified and the fidelity and usefulness of characteristics for separating species in areas of overlap were discussed. |
| Title: Cono- and seminiphagous insects of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst, and their parasitoids in northeastern Poland. |
| Author: Skrzypczynska-Malgorzata. |
| Source: Anzeiger-fuer-Schaedlingskunde-Pflanzenschutz-Umweltschutz. 1994; 67 (3) 45-46. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Information on 10 species (with a total of 732 individuals) of insects, belonging to orders Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera is given. Insects were obtained from cones of Picea abies (L.) Karst. collected in 1992 in Bialowieza Management Unit in north-eastern range of Norway spruce in Poland. |
| Title: Conophagous and seminiphagous insects of Norway of spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. in the Babia Gora National Park and its surroundings. |
| Author: Skrzypczynska-M ; Kozuch-J; Gibas-S. |
| Source: Journal-of-Applied-Entomology. 1994; 118 (4-5) 321-326. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: During the period from 1991 to 1993 3521 insect specimens representing 12 species were obtained from 629 Norway spruce cones. This material originated from the Babia Gora National Park 50 km southwest of Krakow and its surroundings. The coenotic groups of conophages, seminiphages and parasitoids were distinguished. For each group the index of dominance (D), stability of incidence (C), species diversity (d), and Agrell's index of species co-existence were calculated. Seed losses caused by insects were estimated on the basis of the analyses of 46 118 seeds. |
| Title: Climate, soils and Cephalcia arvensis outbreaks on Picea abies in the Italian Alps. |
| Author: Marchisio-Claudio; Cescatti-Alessandro; Battisti-Andrea. |
| Source: Forest-Ecology-and-Management. 68 (2-3) 375-384. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: The recent outbreaks (1986-1992) of the spruce web-spinning sawfly Cephalcia arvensis Panzer (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) extended over 1500 ha of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) stands in two areas of the Venetian Pre-Alps (north-east Italy). Among the possible causes of these outbreaks, the climatic and pedological factors seem to predominate: (1) the period 1983-1986 showed a hot and dry climate in both areas, especially during the developmental time of the pest (June-July); (2) severe water stress occurred in the same years preceding the outbreaks; (3) inside each area the insect attack was irregularly distributed, reflecting the variability in soil and stand features. The relationships between climate and attack levels could be interpreted in two complementary ways: (1) lower mortality and faster development of the insect induced by favourable climatic conditions (high temperatures and lack of precipitations); (2) increase of food quality as a consequence of the water stress suffered by the trees, according to the soil and stand characteristics. |
| Title: Interactions between Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Heterobasidion annosum: II. Infection of woody roots. |
| Author: Heneen-W-K ; Gustafsson-M; Brismar-K; Karlsson-G. |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Botany. 1994; 72 (6) 884-889. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Woody roots, 2-4 mm in diameter, of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were inoculated with an S strain of Heterobasidion annosum. After 8-20 days the roots were prepared for examination by light microscopy as well as transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The roots had one or several periderms and sometimes remnant cortex cells on the surface. The fungal infection was restricted to the remnant cortex cells and the rhytidome after an incubation period of 20 days. Accumulation of granular materials, most likely phenolic in nature, prevailed in the infected periderm cells. Fungal hyphae enclosed in these materials showed signs of degeneration. Based on these results, we conclude that the rhytidome acts as a successful barrier to infection of the inner parts of the root for at least 20 days following inoculation with H. annosum. Both structural and chemical defence mechanisms are involved. |
| Title: Interactions between Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Heterobasidion annosum: I. Infection of nonsuberized and young suberized roots. |
| Author: Heneen-W-K ; Gustafsson-M; Karlsson-G; Brismar-K. |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Botany. 72 (6) 872-883. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Nonsuberized and young suberized roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were inoculated with an S-strain of Heterobasidion annosum for 2 -20 days. The roots were sectioned for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. They were susceptible to infection at both stages of development. The host reaction to delimit the infection was the formation of a necrotic ring barrier in the outer cortex. In cases where the inner cortex also became infected, fungal hyphae accumulated just before the endodermis, which acted as a new barrier. Only in nonsuberized roots did the hyphae succeed in penetrating the stele, and within 3 days after inoculation the stele was almost completely digested. Other resistance reactions included accumulation of phenolic deposits, secondary thickening of cell walls, and formation of papillae. The hyphae were able to grow within and across cell walls. The presence of translucent areas around penetrating hyphae possibly reflected the digestive action of fungal enzymes. The hyphae showed signs of degeneration when entrapped in encompassing cellular deposits. |
| Title: Triggering and predisposing factors in the "Red" decline syndrome of Norway spruce (Picea abies). |
| Author: Saxe-Henrik. |
| Source: Trees-Berlin.8 (1) 39-48. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Analysis of 62 mature Norway spruce (Picea abies provenance "Viborg") trees growing in a Danish plantation was undertaken along with analysis of their nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B and Na), in each of the three youngest needle age classes, from branches of four exposure directions near the tree top. The aim was to investigate if one among the studied possible predisposing factors was also a triggering factor in the 1989 outbreak of the "Red" Norway spruce decline in Denmark. Neither nutrient imbalance or deficiency, nor excessive N-deposition or salt-stress were indicated as triggering factors in 1989. The "Red" syndrome, noticeable for the bright red colour of the current-year needles, was found to be an extension of the European type "Novel Decline. "Red" syndrome is similar to previously reported phenomena of "top-dying" and "sub top-dying", in that it had fewer needle age classes and significantly higher contents of mobile cations (and Ca) in the younger needle classes. Tree ring analysis suggested that the "Red" syndrome was initiated in the early 1980s, when the trees experienced adverse climatic conditions. Because of this long-term development of the "Red" Norway spruce decline syndrome, it is concluded that a triggering factor is of minor importance relative to the multitude of predisposing factors. |
| Title: Effects of vegetation management on succession and on hardwood competition with Norway spruce (Picea abies L.). |
| Author: Lund-Hoie-Kare ; Solbraa-Knut. |
| Source: Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences. 7 (1) 89-110. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Compared with other relevant vegetation managements, overall foliage application with glyphosate caused the most pronounced reduction in number and coverage of the species involved. Regarding the field layer vegetation, however, the situation became, normalized within a 3-year period. The impact on treated vegetation appeared more pronounced after band-than after overall application of glyphosate. The invasion of seed-established Betula spp. and Sorbus aucuparia proceeded more slowly after clearcutting than after the overall application. Competition from suckers from the cut stumps had a major influence in this respect. The succession of the ecological important Sorbus species was stimulated by the cutting of Betula spp. combined with glyphosate treatment of the stumps. The overall chemical treatment caused the maximum growth reaction of Norway spruce, while clearcutting resulted in the leat reaction. |
| Title: Changes in growth and allocation of growth in young Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies due to competition. |
| Author: Nilsson-Urban; Gemmel-Pelle. |
| Source: Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research. 8 (2) 213-222. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Morphological characteristics of beeted Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees grown under differing influence from neighboring trees were compared. the shape of Scots pine trees showed greater plasticity in response to competition than that of Norway spruce trees. When compared at the same height, Scots pine trees growing under strong influence from neighbors had smaller stem volumes and branch basal areas, shorter branches and decreased number of current shoots compared to Scots pine trees growing under weak influence from their neighbors. In Norway spruce, the only characteristic that was significantly affected by competition was the number of current shoots. |
| Title: Pruning enhances the susceptibility of Picea abies to infection by the bark beetle-transmitted blue-stain fungus, Ophiostoma polonicum. |
| Author: Christiansen-Erik; Fjone-Gunnar. |
| Source: Scandinavian-Journal-of-Forest-Research. 8 (2) 235-245. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Defoliation of conifers occasionally precedes bark beetle attacks, suggesting that a severe loss of foliage and ensuing reductions in carbohydrate availability may enhance host tree susceptibility. To shed light on this question, different degrees of defoliation on young Picea abies were simulated by removing whole whorls of branches from below, the trees retaining 100, 50, or 25% of their original crown biomass. After one week or one year, the trees were inoculated with Ophiostoma polonicum, a tree-killing fungus transmitted by Ips typographus. Fungal proliferation and tree mortality increased with increasing levels of pruning. Pruning reduced stem diameter growth, but not carbohydrate reserves in foliage and bark. Foliar N, P, and Ca increased with increasing pruning. The results lend support to the hypothesis that a reduction in the photosynthesis capacity increases host tree susceptibility to a beetle-fungus attack, and that induced defense against infection depends on efficient translocation of assimilates to the sites of infection. |
| Title: Influence of Norway spruce (Picea abies) on the succession of grass-herb forest vegetation in Karkali Nature Reserve, southern Finland. |
| Author: Kiirikki-Mikko ; Koponen-Aune; Koponen-Timo. |
| Source: Memoranda-Societatis-pro-Fauna-et-Flora-Fennica.68 (3) 77-86. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: The influence of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on the vegetation of grass-herb forest was studied with thirty 100 m-2 permanent sample plots. These were surveyed twice, in 1968 and 1989. Spruce was logged in half of the plots, the others being kept as controls. The change in dominance was tested statistically species by species between the treated and control plots. The vegetation succession of the field and ground layers was much slower in the treated plots than in the plots where spruce was allowed to grow. The clearest change in the field layer was shown by Oxalis acetosella L. and Plagiochila aspleniodes (L.) Dum., which both increased in areas where spruce was allowed to grow. Species that benefited from the logging of spruce were Corylus avellana L. and Sorbus aucuparia L. in the tree layer and Lonicera xylosteum L. and Sorbus aucuparia in the bush layer. Epiphytic bryophytes also benefited from the removal of spruce. |
| Title: The effects of climate change on the distribution and management of Picea abies in southern Scandinavia.2000. |
| Author: Bradshaw-Richard-H-W ; Holmqvist-Bjorn-H; Cowling-Sharon-A; Sykes-Martin-T. |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Forest-Research. 30 (12): 1992-1998. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: The distributions of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and other European forest trees have continuously changed since the last glaciation. Static and dynamic bioclimatic simulation models are used to estimate the degree of climatic control operating on the southern Scandinavian range limits of Picea during the last 1000 years. The results show that the range limit has begun to track climate change more closely than in the past, and a future projection predicts a rapid northward contraction of the present limit. Contracting ranges track climate change more closely than do expanding ranges that are limited by seed dispersal. The physiological mechanism of the climatic control is unclear, but Picea planted beyond its current climatic range limit was seriously damaged during a recent storm. Planting trees beyond their natural climatic range limits can only be advised in areas that become suitable for colonization under a changed climate. |
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