SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for Iris pseudacorus
Common name: Pale Yellow iris
| Title: Effects of sediment type and water level on biomass production of wetland plant species. |
| Author: Lenssen-John-P-M ; Menting-Frank-B-J; van-der-Putten-Wim-H; Blom-Cornelis-W-P-M. |
| Source: Aquatic-Botany. June, 1999; 64 (2): 151-165. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: We investigated how water level and different sediment types affect the growth of wetland plant species. Twelve different species were grown in drained and waterlogged sediments, which represented types normally encountered in wetlands: a mineral sediment from exposed sites, a sediment from a sheltered site rich in labile organic matter and an organic sediment with decomposing litter of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steudel. The tested species included both subordinate and dominant species inhabiting flooded or dry parts of the water-depth gradient. Due to nutrient limitation, biomass production of most species was lowest in the mineral sediment. In this substrate waterlogging only affected Cirsium arvense and Eupatorium cannabinum which were reduced to 30% and 16% of the production in the drained sediment. Most species performed best in the sediment with labile organic matter, even when waterlogged. Waterlogging in the reed litter sediment, when compared to the drained reed litter, decreased growth of six species: Iris pseudacorus by 40%, Myosotis scorpioides by 60%, Rorippa amphibia by 25%, Sium latifolium by 50%, Eupatorium cannabinum by 80%, and Epilobium hirsutum by 70%. The differences in plant performance between both organic sediments may be due to the presence of refractory organic matter. The specific responses in the reed litter sediment contrasted with the similar response to both other sediments. These results show that accumulation of litter, instead of accumulation of organic matter in general, will be an important factor in determining species composition of littoral zones. They also indicate that, although litter does not favor subordinates above clonal dominants, litter accumulation may enhance species diversity on a large scale. |
| Title: Nutrient removal by five ornamental wetland plant species grown in treatment-production wetland biofilters. |
| Author: Holt-Thomas-C ; Maynard-Brian-K ; Johnson-William-A. |
| Source: Hortscience-. June, 1999; 34 (3): 521.96th Annual International conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, July 27-31, 1999. |
| Source Type: Paper |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Effects of sediment type and water level on biomass production of wetland plant species. |
| Author: Lenssen,-J.P.M.; Menting,-F.B.J.; Van-Der-Putten,-W.H.; Blom,-C.W.P.M. |
| Source: Aquatic-Botany [Aquat.-Bot.] vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 151-165. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: We investigated how water level and different sediment types affect the growth of wetland plant species. Twelve different species were grown in drained and waterlogged sediments, which represented types normally encountered in wetlands: a mineral sediment from exposed sites, a sediment from a sheltered site rich in labile organic matter and an organic sediment with decomposing litter of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steudel. The tested species included both subordinate and dominant species inhabiting flooded or dry parts of the water-depth gradient. Due to nutrient limitation, biomass production of most species was lowest in the mineral sediment. In this substrate waterlogging only affected Cirsium arvense and Eupatorium cannabinum which were reduced to 30% and 16% of the production in the drained sediment. Most species performed best in the sediment with labile organic matter, even when waterlogged. Waterlogging in the reed litter sediment, when compared to the drained reed litter, decreased growth of six species: Iris pseudacorus by 40%, Myosotis scorpioides by 60%, Rorippa amphibia by 25%, Sium latifolium by 50%, Eupatorium cannabinum by 80%, and Epilobium hirsutum by 70%. The differences in plant performance between both organic sediments may be due to the presence of refractory organic matter. The specific responses in the reed litter sediment contrasted with the similar response to both other sediments. These results show that accumulation of litter, instead of accumulation of organic matter in general, will be an important factor in determining species composition of littoral zones. They also indicate that, although litter does not favor subordinates above clonal dominants, litter accumulation may enhance species diversity on a large scale. |
| Title: Comparison of useful terrestrial and aquatic plant species for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from domestic wastewater. |
| Author: Abe-Kaoru; Ozaki-Yasuo. |
| Source: Soil-Science-and-Plant-Nutrition. Dec., 1998; 44 (4) 599-607. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: To develop a low cost and energy-saving wastewater treatment technique in combination with resource recycling and amenity functions, we constructed a plant bed filter ditch in which useful terrestrial and aquatic plants can be utilized for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater. Screening studies were conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of 20 kinds of plant species which are economically important or exhibit on aesthetic value, including 13 terrestrial species, for domestic wastewater treatment. Artificial wastewater containing 20 mg L-1 of N and 3.3 mg L-1 of P, was supplied to the ditch at the rate of about 1.41-2.08 g m-2 d-1 for N and 0.20-0.33 g m-2 d-1 for P. The experiments were performed in a glass house with windows opened from April to November. The ditches showing high N and P removal rates were planted with plants which exhibited high biomass production rates. In the case of the papyrus ditch, N and P removal rates exceeded 0.8 g m-2 d-1 for N and 0.15 g m-2 d-1 for P from late spring to autumn, in the case of the kenaf ditch and sorghum ditch, from summer to autumn and in the case of the Italian ryegrass ditch and barley ditch, in early spring. These findings indicated that efficient wastewater treatment can be performed consistently except in the winter season, by cultivating these plants in an appropriate combination in the ditches. |
| Title: An autecological study on Iris pseudacrous L. (Iridaceae). |
| Author: Engin-Ali; Kandemir-Nezahat; Senel-Gulcan; Ozkan-Mustafa. |
| Source: Turkish-Journal-of-Botany. 22 (5) 335-340. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: The ecological properties of Iris pseudacorus L., a marsh plant species, were investigated. The analysis of N%. P% and K% in the below-ground and above-ground parts of the plant was carried out. In addition, soil samples were collected and their physical and chemical aspects were analyzed. |
| Title: Development of macrophytic vegetation in the Agmon wetland of Israel by spontaneous colonization and reintroduction. |
| Author: Kaplan,-D.; Oron,-T.; Gutman,-M. |
| Source: Wetlands-Ecology-and-Management [Wetlands-Ecol.-Manage.] vol. 6, no. 2-3, pp. 143-150. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Special issue: Destruction and creation of wetland ecosystem in Northern Israel. English The draining of the Lake Hula and swamps, northern Israel, during the late 1950s resulted in the loss of a very diverse and rare ecosystem. Oxidation of the peat soil resulted in ground surface subsidence, while heavy autumn winds have eroded the dry peat. Moreover, agriculture on the peat soils is restricted, because of a nitrate surplus. Predictions that the sinking would continue and that more areas would go out of agricultural production led authorities to re-flood a portion of the Hula Valley in 1994. The aim of the present study was to monitor the spontaneous establishment of vegetation in the re-flooded area, the Agmon wetlands, and to reestablish some of the major plant species lost from the valley when Lake Hula was drained. Within the first two years, 74 plant species colonized the wetland spontaneously. Five out of 11 species designated for reintroduction were successfully established. Cyperus papyrus and Cynodon dactylon demonstrated sustainable potential for lake-shore stabilization. Cyperus papyrus was reintroduced from seedlings and rapidly became the dominant riparian species, while Cynodon dactylon established spontaneously. Re-introduced Nymphaea alba clones were established only in enclosures protected from grazing by the semi-aquatic mammal Myocastor coypus. Nuphar lutea and Iris pseudacorus showed better resistance to grazing. These results demonstrate a high potential for successful re-establishment of much of the original Hula swamp macrophytic vegetation by either spontaneous colonization by extant species from the surrounding areas or by introduction of locally extinct species. As such, there is a good chance that the associated faunal components of the former Lake Hula and swamps that have returned to the region since the Hula rehabilitation project commenced will continue to flourish. |
| Title: Non-gramineous hosts of Myriosclerotinia borealis. |
| Author: Saito-Izumi. |
| Source: Mycoscience-. 39 (2) 145-153. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: On the basis of cultural, anatomical, and electrophoretic studies, Myriosclerotinia borealis (= Sclerotinia borealis) is shown to occur on cultivated non-gramineous plants including Iris ensata var. hortensis (Japanese iris), I. pseudoacorus, I. hollandica (Dutch iris), Perko PVH (a hybrid green manure crop between Brassica campestris and S. chinensis), Allium fistulosum, and Campanula portenshlagiana. The fungus did not kill these plants, but produced functional sclerotia, capable of carpogenic germination, on decayed leaves or necrotic lesions of overwintered leaves. The fungus seems to act as a saprophyte colonizing senescent leaves and/or as a weak parasite on plants injured by freezing during winter. In culture, the fungus produces discrete tuberoid sclerotia closely attached to the agar surface; rind differentiation is poor on the under surface of sclerotia. Medullary cells are embedded in a gelatinous matrix showing no distinct intercellular spaces. The ectal excipulum of apothecia produced under artificial conditions is composed of globose calls. Myriosclerotinia borealis is thus shown to be very close to Ciborinia on the basis of these sclerotial and apothecial characters. |
| Title: An assessment of metal removal by a laboratory scale wetland 5. Int. Conf. on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution, Vienna (Austria), 15-19. |
| Author: Mungur,-A.S.; Shutes,-R.B.E.; Revitt,-D.M.; House,-M.A; [Haberl,-R.;Perfler,-R.;Laber,-J.;Cooper,-P.-eds.] |
| Source: SWETLAND-SYSTEMS-FOR-WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL-1996. vol. 35, no. 5 pp. 125-133. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: This paper presents a preliminary assessment of the heavy metal removal performance by a laboratory scale wetland based on the design of a constructed wetland treating surface runoff. Laboratory scale gravel-substrate subsurface-flow wetlands in a continuous recirculating mode were studied regarding the removal of Cu, Pb and Zn from contaminated water. After establishing the flow characteristics, the wetland was planted with Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus lacustris and Iris pseudacorus. The wetland system was dosed with increasing concentrations (1, 5 and 10mg/l) of Cu, Pb and Zn. Finally a shock load of metals (concentration 20 mg/l) was introduced to simulate a storm event. In each experiment water samples collected from the outlet at timed intervals were analysed and loadings calculated in order to assess the metal removal efficiency of the system. The removal efficiencies and rates for these different doses ranged from 81.7% to 91.8% and 36.6 to 372.7 mg/m super(2)/d for Cu, 75.8% to 95.3% and 30.8 to 387 mg/m super(2)/d for Pb and 82.8% to 90.4% and 33.6 to 362.1 mg/m super(2)/d for Zn respectively. Results for the storm simulation showed that in the time taken for the water level to subside to its original level (just below the substrate surface) at established outlet flow rates, the metal loadings leaving the system remained very low with the wetland system retaining over 99% of the metals. These results indicate the ability of the system to act as an efficient sink for heavy metals. The macrophytes were collected and segregated by species and subsurface tissue type (rhizomes, roots and root tips) and analysed for Cu, Pb and Zn. The results are discussed with respect to the surrounding peat substrate, biomass accumulation and the overall removal performance of the laboratory scale wetland. |
| Title: New species of hydrophilous flowering plants for aquatories and wetlands of the Latcha lake (environs of the Kargopol, Arkhangelsk region). |
| Author: Vekhoff-N-V. |
| Source: Botanicheskii-Zhurnal-St-Petersburg. Nov., 1997; 82 (11): 98-101. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: 1994 at wetland on shore and shallow near-shore aquatories 11 species of hydrophilous flowering plants new for Latcha lake flora have been found. They are Isoetes echinospora Durien, I. lacustris L., Ceratophyllum demersum L., Sparganium angustifolium Michx., S. glomeratum Laest., Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L., Eleocharis mamillata Lindb. fil, E. ovata (Roth) Roem. et Schult., E. uniglumis (Link) Schult., Iris pseudacorus L.). Probable reasons of their finding and/or appearance in this lake are discussed. Some reasons are connected with careful investigation of its near-shore aquatories and wetland on shore, vast migrations of hydrophytes-anthropochores in places affected by people and consequences of inter-annual biological influences at long-term life cycle of hydrophilous flowering plants. |
| Title: An assessment of metal removal by a laboratory scale wetland. |
| Author: Mungur-A-S; Shutes-R-B-E; Revitt-D-M; House-M-A. |
| Source: Water-Science-and-Technology.; 35 (5) 125-133.1997. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: This paper presents a preliminary assessment of the heavy metal removal performance by a laboratory scale wetland based on the design of a constructed wetland treating surface runoff. Laboratory scale gravel-substrate subsurface-flow wetlands in a continuous recirculating mode were studied regarding the removal of Cu, Pb and Zn from contaminated water. After establishing the flow characteristics, the wetland was planted with Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus lacustris and Iris pseudacorus. The wetland system was dosed with increasing concentrations (1, 5 and 10 mg/l) of Cu, Pb and Zn. Finally a shock load of metals (concentration 20 mg/l) was introduced to simulate a storm event. In each experiment water samples collected from the outlet at timed intervals were analysed and loadings calculated in order to assess the metal removal efficiency of the system. The removal efficiencies and rates for these different doses ranged from 81.7% to 91.8% and 36.6 to 372.7 mg/m-2/d for Cu, 75.8% to 95.3% and 30.8 to 387 mg/m-2/d for Pb and 82.8% to 90.4% and 33.6 to 362.1 mg/m-2/d for Zn respectively. Results for the storm simulation showed that in the time taken for the water level to subside to its original level (just below the substrate surface) at established outlet flow rates, the metal loadings leaving the system remained very low with the wetland system retaining over 99% of the metals. These results indicate the ability of the system to act as an efficient sink for heavy metals. The macrophytes were collected and segregated by species and subsurface tissue type (rhizomes, roots and root tips) and analysed for Cu, Pb and Zn. The results are discussed with respect to the surrounding peat substrate, biomass accumulation and the overall removal performance of the laboratory scale wetlands. |
| Title: Functional and structural organization of some plants of herb-Carex community of Khoper River floodplain (Voronezh region). |
| Author: Sheremet'-ev-S-N ; Filatova-N-I; Chebotareva-K-E; Neskryabina-E-S. |
| Source: Botanicheskii-Zhurnal-St-Petersburg. 82 (8) 63-76. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Complex research of dominants of the Carex caespitosa community of the true meadow in floodplain of the Khoper river (Khoper reserve, Voronezh region) is made. The following species have been studied, Carex caespitosa, Filipendula ulmaria, Iris pseudacorus, Sanguisorba officinalis, Valeriana wolgensis, Veronica longifolia. Diurnal and seasonal dynamics of such parameters, as the transpiration rate, water saturation deficit, leaf water content have been investigated in detail. The structural characteristics of plants such as the specific superficial density of leaves, indices of scleromorphy, succulence and xeromorphy were also determined. Relations among parameters of function of plants were investigated using the methods of multidimensional statistical analysis. The complexity of the organization of water relations in the species investigated and the efficiency of their utilization of soil moisture as well as the relative competitive capacity were determined. A matrix of ecological similarity is constructed. The relations between functional condition and the phytocoenotic status of the species are discussed. |
| Title: Factors affecting the population density of the corncrake Crex crex in Britain and Ireland. |
| Author: Green-R-E. |
| Source: Journal-of-Applied-Ecology. 1996; 33 (2) 237-248. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The population of the corncrake Crex crex (L.) in Britain and Ireland has been declining for more than a century. Corncrakes breed in hay and silage meadows and other tall vegetation. Losses of nests, chicks and adults occur during mowing of meadows. Previous studies indicate that the mechanization of mowing, earlier mowing and loss of habitats with tall vegetation have been contributory causes of the decline. 2. Singing male corncrakes were counted and land cover mapped in 1993 in 218 1-km squares throughout Britain and Ireland. Corncrakes had been present in all of the survey squares during a census in 1988. 3. Mean dates of mowing of hay and silage were determined from recent weekly survey data. 4. The number of singing corncrakes per 1-km square ranged from 0 to 10, with a mean of 0.6. 5. Multiple linear regression indicated that corncrake population density was positively related to the area of tall marshland vegetation (Iris pseudacorus, Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea) in spring, and grass taller than 20 cm in summer, but that these effects were only apparent where the mean date of mowing was in late July or later. 6. Corncrakes occurred in all of 22 1-km squares which contained more than 2 ha of Iris, Phragmites and Phalaris, more than 10 ha of grass taller than 20 cm in summer and where the mean mowing date was later than 22 July. In these squares an average of 1.4 ha of Iris, Phragmites and Phalaris and 7.6 ha of tall grass was present per singing male. 7. It is likely that neither restoration of the preferred hay-meadow and tall marshland habitats nor late mowing will prevent the decline of corncrake populations if pursued on their own. Both of these objectives should be implemented over large areas of land. |
| Title: Factors affecting the population density of the corncrake Crex crex in Britain and Ireland. |
| Author: Green,-R.E. |
| Source: J.-APPL.-ECOL. vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 237-248. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The population of the corncrake Crex crex (L.) in Britain and Ireland has been declining for more than a century. Corncrakes breed in hay and silage meadows and other tall vegetation. Losses of nests, chicks and adults occur during mowing of meadows. Previous studies indicate that the mechanization of mowing, earlier mowing and loss of habitats with tall vegetation have been contributory causes of the decline. Singing male corncrakes were counted and land cover mapped in 1993 in 218 1-km squares throughout Britain and Ireland. Corncrakes had been present in all of the survey squares during a census in 1988. Mean dates of mowing of hay and silage were determined from recent weekly survey data. The number of singing corncrakes per 1-km square ranged from 0 to 10, with a mean of 0.6. Multiple linear regression indicated that corncrake population density was positively related to the area of tall marshland vegetation (Iris pseudacorus, Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea) in spring, and grass taller than 20 cm in summer, but that these effects were only apparent where the mean date of mowing was in late July or later. Corncrakes occurred in all of 22 1-km squares which contained more than 2 ha of Iris, Phragmites and Phalaris, more than 10 ha of grass taller than 20 cm in summer and where the mean mowing date was later than 22 July. In these squares an average of 1.4 ha of Iris, Phragmites and Phalaris and 7.6 ha of tall grass was present per singing male. It is likely that neither restoration of the preferred hay-meadow and tall marshland habitats nor late mowing will prevent the decline of corncrake populations if pursued on their own. Both of these objectives should be implemented over large areas of land. |
| Title: The hybridization and the isozyme analyses of Iris L. |
| Author: Huang-Su-Zhen; Gu-Yin; He-Shan-An. |
| Source: Journal-of-Plant-Resources-and-Environment. 1996; 5 (4) 38-41. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Hybridization of 21 combinations with totally 229 flowers of Iris L. have been conducted since 1994. 19 fruits were obtained from 6 combinations including 3 intraspecific and 3 interspecific ones. F-1 seedlings of 3 intraspecific and 2 interspecific combinations were obtained. IZ-2, a hybrid obtained from Iris tectorum times I. germanica DP was verified by means of isozyme analysis of GDH. |
| Title: Comparison of carbohydrate utilization and energy charge in the yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) and garden iris (Iris germanica) under anoxia. |
| Author: Hanhijarvi-Anne-M; Fagerstedt-Kurt-V. |
| Source: Physiologia-Plantarum. 1995; 93 (3) 493-497. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Carbohydrate and energy metabolism of the flooding and anoxia-tolerant Iris pseudacorus and the intolerant Iris germanica rhizomes were investigated under experimental anoxic conditions. Rhizomes of I. pseudacorus and I. germanica were incubated in the absence of oxygen from 0 to 60 and 16 days, respectively. Amounts of glucose, total reducing sugars and non-reducinq sugars (starch, fructan and oligosaccharides) in the rhizomes were measured. Ethanol concentration and adenylate energy charge were determined enzymatically. Glucose content of I. pseudacorus rhizomes decreased gradually during the first 30 days under anoxia and then increased at the same time as adenylate energy charge values started to decline. In I. germanica rhizomes the changes were more dramatic and the time scale was much shorter than in I. pseudacorus but the changes were similar. Non-reducing sugar content of I. pseudacorus rhizomes decreased rapidly during the first 15 days under oxygen deprivation and then increased again, to near starting levels at 35 days. In I. germanica the amount of non-reducing sugars decreased gradually during the anoxic incubation. Under aerobic control conditions, adenylate energy charge (AEC) of I. pseudacorus and I. germanica rhizome tissue was 0.87 +- 0.01 and 0.81 +- 0.01, respectively. In I. pseudacorus AEC remained high until 30 days under anoxia. In contrast, the energy charge of I. germanica rhizome tissue remained above 0.6 for 4 days only. Large amounts of ethanol were found in anoxic rhizome tissues of I. pseudacorus (up to 0.21 M) and I. germanica (0.06 M) after 45 days and 8 days, respectively. The results are discussed in relation to flooding tolerance of these species. |
| Title: Seed dispersal, germination and seedling growth of six helophyte species in relation to water-level zonation. |
| Author: Coops,-H.; Van-Der-Velde,-G. |
| Source: FRESHWAT.-BIOL. vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 13-20. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Seed dispersal, germination, and seedling growth characteristics of six helophyte species, Iris pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia and Scirpus lacustris, were investigated in relation to their water-level zonation. 2. The experiments demonstrated a large variation in these characteristics between the species. 3. Propagule floating capacities range from < 1 h (S. lacustris) to > 1000 h (I. pseudacorus). 4. Seed germination in a water-level gradient revealed two groups with respect to germination percentage - exposed soil species (I. pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis) and submerged soil species (T. angustifolia, T. latifolia). 5. There were two contrasting types of seedling growth response to submergence and exposure: one group of species formed longest leaves under exposed conditions (Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, I. pseudacorus), and the other under submerged conditions (S. lacustris, T. latifolia, T. angustifolia). 6. The results suggest that early life-history characteristics of the species relate to their locations in the riparian zonation: Phalaris arundinacea and Iris pseudacorus at the higher end, Phragmites australis intermediate, and Typha spp. and Scirpus lacustris at the lower end. Species occurring at lower locations show adaptations to (periodical) flooding of the soil (submersed germination and growth), while those from higher locations require prolonged exposed soil conditions to germinate and to survive the establishment stage. |
| Title: [Comparative analysis of NPK nutrient content of Iris pseudacorus, Phragmites australis, Scirpus lacustris and Typha latifolia.]Analisis comparado del contenido en nutrientes NPK de Iris pseudacorus, Phragmites australis, Scirpus lacustris y Typha latifol |
| Author: Ansola-Gonzalez,-G.; Gonzalez-Martin,-J.M.; Fernandez-Alaez,-C.; De-Luis-Calabuig,-E. |
| Source: STUD.-OECOL. no. 12, pp. 41-48. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The NPK contents in the leafs, stems and fruits of four macrophytes species (Iris pseudacorus, Phragmites australis, Scirpus lacustris and Typha latifolia) was determinated, assessing the associated chaning with the plant fenology. The nutrients assimilation capacity according with the macrophyte species it is analyzed as well as the accumulation level of them in the different parts of the plant. The potassium (K) was measured by selective electrode analysis, to determinate the phosphorous (P) was used the method proposed by Duque (1971) and the nitrogen (N) analysis was made with Kjeldahl method. |
| Title: The Corncrake (Crex crex) in the Fagne and Femenne region, 1990-1994. 1995. |
| Author: Ryelandt-Philippe. |
| Source: Aves-. 32 (1) 1-30. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Seed dispersal, germination and seedling growth of six helophyte species in relation to water-level zonation. |
| Author: Coops-Hugo ; Van-Der-Velde-Gerard. |
| Source: Freshwater-Biology. 1995; 34 (1) 13-20. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Seed dispersal, germination, and seedling growth characteristics of six helophyte species, Iris pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia and Scirpus lacustris, were investigated in relation to their water-level zonation. The experiments demonstrated a large variation in these characteristics between the species. Propagule floating capacities range from lt 1 h (S. lacustris) to gt 1000 h (I. pseudacorus). Seed germination in a water-level gradient revealed two groups with respect to germination percentage-exposed soil species (I. pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis) and submerged soil species (T. angustifolia, T. latifolia). There were two contrasting types of seedling growth response to submergence and exposure: one group of species formed longest leaves under exposed conditions (Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, I. pseudacorus), and the other under submerged conditions (S. lacustris, T. latifolia, T. angustifolia). The results suggest that early life-history characteristics of the species relate to their locations in the riparian zonation: Phalaris arundinacea and Iris pseudacorus at the higher end, Phragmites australis intermediate, and Typha spp. and Scirpus lacustris at the lower end. Species occurring at lower locations show adaptations to (periodical) flooding of the soil (submersed germination and growth), while those from higher locations require prolonged exposed soil conditions to germinate and to survive the establishment stage. |
| Title: Contribution to the karyological study of the family Iridaceae in western Andalusia. |
| Author: Perez-E; Pastor-J. |
| Source: Lagascalia-. 1994; 17 (2) 257-272. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: A karyological study of 14 taxa of the Iridaceae belonging to the genera Iris, Gynandriris, Crocus and Gladiolus has been made. Karyograms, karyotype asymmetry and relative size of the chromosome are given for most of the species studied. The somatic numbers of Iris albicans (2n = 44) and I. foetidissima (2n = 40) are reported for the first time for material from the Iberian Peninsula. |
| Title: Comparison of the effect of natural and experimental anoxia on carbohydrate and energy metabolism in Iris pseudacorus rhizomes. |
| Author: Hanhijarvi-Anne-M; Fagerstedt-Kurt-V. |
| Source: Physiologia-Plantarum. 1994; 90 (3) 437-444. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Carbohydrate utilization in Iris pseudacorus thizomes was investigated under natural conditions in the field for a period of one year. The area of study was under flood from mid-December to end of May and wet for the rest of the period of study. Rhizome samples were collected in the wild twice monthly, in order to determine glucose content and amount of reducing and non-reducing sugars in the rhizome core material. For comparison with experimental anoxia, rhizomes were washed and kept under strict anoxia in the dark at +20 degree C. Carbohydrates were measured in groups as above. The amount of ethanol and the levels of ATP, ADP and AMP were also measured and adenylate energy charge computed. Glucose content of the rhizomes was 10 mg g-1 fresh weight in the autumn and decreased during winter to reach ca 5 mg g-1 fresh weight in the spring. Total reducing sugars increased in winter while the amount of non-reducing sugars increased during early autumn and decreased during winter and spring. Not all non-reducing sugar stores had been used up in the spring when growth was resumed. Under experimental anoxia adenylate energy charge remained relatively high for 30 days (near 0.6 or over) and then dropped quickly to below 0.3, indicating death of the tissues. After 30 days under anoxia the amount of ethanol still increased and that of total reducing sugars decreased. The level of non-reducing sugars decreased from 0 to 15 days of anoxia before an increase took place during the next 20 days. |
| Title: Iris. |
| Author: Smith, R.C. Herman, D. |
| Source: NDSU Extension Service [publication] - North Dakota State University. (H-133,rev.) Pages 4 p. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The flora of Reti-dulo near Csomor. |
| Author: Stollmayer-Boncz-Emflia. |
| Source: Studia-Botanica-Hungarica. 1993; 24 (0) 27-44. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: The Reti-dulo occupies the major part of the Csomori-legelo nature reserve designated as a county park in 1977. The drying swamp meadows provide asylum for Molinion coeruleae, whereas the reeds is a refuge for seven other protected or endangered species (Carex appropinquata, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Epipactis palustris, Eriophorum latifolium, Iris pseudacorus, Orchis laxiflora subsp. palustris, and Parnassia palustris). This review provides the first set of botanical data of the area, serving as a basis for further studies. |
| Title: Enzymatic defence against post-anoxic injury in higher plants. |
| Author: Wollenweber-Ratzer-B; Crawford-R-M-M. |
| Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-of-Edinburgh-Section-B-Biological-Sciences.; 102 (0) 381-390. |
| Source Type: Paper |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Plants tolerant of long-term flooding and oxygen deprivation in their perennating organs such as rhizomes and tubers are able to avoid the deleterious effects of anoxia and minimis the dangers of re-entry to air by reactions with antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and glutathione. In processes of detoxification of oxygen radicals, ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid and reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione. Through the action of enzymes such as monodehydroascorbate reductase (MR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione and ascorbic acid may be regenerated to maintain sufficient levels of antioxidants within the tissue in order to quench oxygen radicals. |
| Title: The decline of the corncrake Crex crex in Britain and Ireland in relation to habitat. |
| Author: Stowe,-T.J.; Newton,-A.V.; Green,-R.E.; Mayes,-E. |
| Source: J.-APPL.-ECOL. vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 53-62. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Censuses of singing male corncrakes Crex crex (L.) in 1978/79 and 1988 on agricultural land in Britain and Ireland indicated that numbers had, on average, declined by 30% during this time period in areas for which the two censuses were comparable. This represents the continuation of a long-term decline. However, population changes differed among areas, ranging from a 72% decline to a 15% increase. 2. Areas in which the greatest declines had taken place tended to be those in which a high proportion of sites which held corncrakes in 1978/79 had ceased to be occupied by 1988. 3. Sites were identified that were occupied by corncrakes in 1978/79 and that had ceased or continued to be occupied by singing males in 1988. Vegetation surveys were carried out in 1988 at all such sites that could be located with precision. A logistic regression model was used to describe differences in vegetation between sites that corncrakes had continued or ceased to occupy. Sites which continued to be occupied had greater cover of Iris pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacea and Phragmites australis and hay meadow and less of short dry pasture and wet pasture dominated by Juncus spp. and Carex spp. 4. There were highly significant differences between geographical areas in the proportion of previously occupied sites at which corncrakes continued to occur. A significant part of this variation was explicable in terms of the modelled effects of differences in vegetation cover. Geographical variations in population change were also correlated with an index of habitat suitability based on the logistic regression model. 5. It is suggested that changes in grassland management have contributed to the continuing decline in the corncrake populations in Britain and Ireland. |
| Title: Plant regeneration in Iris pseudacorus and adventitious shoot formation in I. ensata cultivar through leaflet culture in vitro. |
| Author: Hiura-Iwao ; Suzuki-Hiroshi; Imanishi-Shigeru; Goto-Yukiko; Kagami-Kei; Muto-Akiyo. |
| Source: Yamaguchi-TigusaJournal-of-the-Yamagata-Agriculture-and-Forestry-Society. 1993; 0 (50) 55-61. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: The requirements of thyamine-HCl, myo-inositol and plant growth regulators in MS ('62) basal medium for the immature leaflet culture in Iris pseudacorus and I. ensata cultivars were analyzed. A. In case of I. pseudacorus, plantlets were regenerated. 1. The 0.3 mg/l thyamine-HCl in MS solid medium effected better results than the 0.1 mg/l. 2. The 200 mg/l myo-inositol worked similar to the 100 mg/l. 3. In the inositol concentration of the 100 or 200 mg/l, the 1.0 mg/l NAA and 2.0 mg/l BA effected the best. B. In case of I. ensata, adventitious shoots developed on the liquid media exchanged several times for the removing of the black-purplish solution exuded from the opening immature leaflet explants. |
| Title: Diapause intensification induced by temperature in the eggs of Archanara sparganii: ecological implications. Intensification de la diapause embryonnairae d'Archanara sparganii par la temperature: incidences ecologiques. |
| Author: Galichet, P.F. Girard, R. Cousin, M. |
| Source: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata. v. 62 (3) Pages p. 277-284. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Removal of organic matter and nutrients from urban wastewater by using an experimental emergent aquatic macrophyte system 4. |
| Author: Ansola,-G.; Fernandez,-C.; de-Luis,-E. |
| Source: International INTECOL Wetlands Conference, Symposium on the Role of Vegetation in Created and Restored Wetlands, Columbus, OH (USA), 13-18 Sep ECOL.-ENG. 1995 vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 13-19. |
| Source Type: Paper |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: This paper briefly compares the removal efficiency of four species of macrophytes: Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, Iris pseudacorus and Scirpus lacustris, by using three different flow rates of sewage (100, 150 and 200 l/day) in an experimental pilot plant in NW Spain. The largest removal of organic matter and total nitrogen belongs to Typha angustifolia, whereas Iris pseudacorus shows the highest removal of total phosphorus. The microbiological parameters exhibit the highest removing values. |
| Title: In vitro ovary culture of some apogon garden Irises (Iris pseudacorus L. Iris setosa Pall., Iris versicolor L.). |
| Author: Laublin-Genevieve ; Cappadocia-M. |
| Source: Botanica-Acta. 1992; 105 (4) 319-322. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: Various organs of immature inflorescences from 32 selected genotypes of Iris versicolor, 6 of I. pseudacorus and 7 of I. setosa were cultured in vitro on two induction media supplemented with 45 mu-M 2,4-D or 4.5 mu-M each of 2,4-D and kinetin. Among the explants tested, peduncle sections showed a very limited response, and only ovary sections cultured under low light intensity consistently produced calluses and/or meristematic nodule on both media. This occurred in all genotypes of I. pseudocorus, whereas only a fraction of the genotypes belonging to the other species responded at the induction phase. Responding explants with callus and/or meristematic nodules were cut into halves and transferred onto a regeneration medium containing 22 mu-M benzyladenine, which induced shoot formation. Once again, large differences in response were noted among genotypes of each species. Those belonging to I. pseudocorus all gave a positive response producing vigorous shoots. Cytological analyses performing on 62 regenerated plants did not reveal changes in chromosome number. |
| Title: Iris pseudacorus. |
| Author: Leslie, Alan. |
| Source: The Garden. , v 117 p 5 , 204. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Peroxidase activity in lake macrophytes and its relation to pollution tolerance. |
| Author: Roy-Sashwati ; Ihantola-Risto; Hanninen-Osmo. |
| Source: Environmental-and-Experimental-Botany. 1992; 32 (4) 457-464. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: The metabolic basis underlying pollution-dependent composition of freshwater vegetation was investigated by analyzing peroxidase activity and total glutathione contents. Peroxidase is one of the major enzymes catalyzing oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics in plants. Glutathione-dependent reactions are also crucial in such detoxification processes. Eighteen macrophyte species of Lake Kallavesi (Finland) were studied. Previously, observations based on the distribution of these species in relation to water pollution have been reported. On the basis of such observations ecological ranks had been assigned to the macrophytes. In almost all the true aquatic species (e.g. Callitriche palustris, Elodea canadensis, Potamogeton perfoliatus. Nymphaea candida and Utricularia vulgaris), we observed that tolerance to water pollution, chiefly caused by pulp and paper mill effuents, was consistently related to high peroxidase activities. Species (e.g. Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Ranunculus peltatus, Scirpus acicularis and Isoetes lacustris), sensitive to the above conditions, had low peroxidase activities. A few species (e.g. Phragmites communis and Sparganium simplex) which were observed to have moderately low peroxidase activities and yet had been reported to be indifferent or tolerant to such pollution, had high total glutathione content. Peroxidase activity, especially in true aquatic macrophytes, appeared to be a critical determinant of their tolerance to water pollution caused by pulp and paper mill effluents. |
| Title: In vitro multiplication of certain irises from roots: Histological aspects of somatic embryogenesis. |
| Author: Vieth-J; Laublin-G; Morisset-C; Cappadocia-M. |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Botany. 70 (9) 1809-1814.1992. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: A histo-morphological investigation of indirect somatic embryogenesis was conducted on three species of Iris. (Iris pseudacorus, Iris versicolor Iris setosa). The formation of "calli I" or propagules appears somewhat like a root ramification. It is initiated in the pericycle, facing one of the xylem bundles. Fully developed, this so-called callus I differs from a rootlet by its size as well as by the complete absence of an apical meristem and the quasi absence of a root cap. In terms of external and internal structures, it is different from the typical callus of other plants as well as the callus II of Iris. The latter becomes granular on the surface and is internally parenchymatous. This type of callus has an irregular growth that suggests unequal activity of a lateral meristem. This meristem is covered by a discontinuous plectenchyma or pseudoparenchyma of variable thickness that is cytologically heterogeneous. Most of the initial cells of somatic proembryos and embryoids develop in this pseudoparenchyma, of which some fragments remain attached to the embryoids until their development is complete. |
| Title: The changes in morphology and demography of Iris pseudacorus L. at different heights on a saltmarsh. |
| Author: Sutherland,-W.J.; Walton,-D. |
| Source: FUNCT.-ECOL. vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 655-659. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1990 |
| Abstract: Leaf height and spacing of ramets of Iris pseudacorus L. vary down the shore of a saltmarsh. Rhizomes were studied at two sites at different levels on the shore and compared with two terrestrial sites. The age, growth, flowering and mortality of buds could be determined from the rhizome morphology. Seasonal variation in the amount of storage material resulted in a series of annual "bulges" from which the growth history may be inferred. On the higher site on the saltmarsh, genets were very long lived and seedlings were rare whilst on the lower site there were considerable numbers of seedlings and genets were short lived. On the upper sites the growth rate of the bulges was higher and the annual bulges in the rhizomes were larger. |
| Title: Biological flora of the British Isles: Iris pseudacorus L. |
| Author: Sutherland, W.J. |
| Source: Journal of ecology. v. 78 (3) Pages p. 833-848. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1990 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The vegetation of black alder forests in Skane, S. Sweden.Vegetationen i Skaanes klibbalskogar. |
| Author: Brunet,-J. |
| Source: SVEN.-BOT.-TIDSKR. vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 179-190. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1990 |
| Abstract: The black alder forest vegetation in the province of Skaane (S Sweden) is described and classified. The black alder swamp occurs on the wettest meso- and eutrophic forest habitats, mostly on peat soil. Three types are distinguished. The Sphagnum squarrosum type is almost restricted to the Archaean rock area in central and northern Skaane. The Iris pseudacorus type is concentrated in the southern lake district. The Cardamine amara type is characterized by higher groundwater mobility. On moist mineral soils, e.g. gleysols or fluvisols (FAO-System), two black alder forest communities occur, the alder-ash forest and the brook-alder forest. The alder-ash forest is divided into two types, the Mercurialis perennis type on soils with a higher clay content and the Oxalis acetosella type on sandy stands. |
| Title: The changes in morphology and demography of Iris pseudacorus L. at different heights on a saltmarsh. |
| Author: Sutherland, W. J. Walton, D. |
| Source: Functional ecology. v 4 n 5 655. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1990 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: A salute to the flag. |
| Author: Taylor, P. |
| Source: American horticulturist. Apr v. 67 (4) Pages p. 22-25. ill. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1988 |
| Abstract: NA |
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