SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for Eleagnus pungens
Common name: Thorny olive
| Title: Typical Frankia infect actinorhizal plants exotic to New Zealand. |
| Author: Clawson-Michael-L; Benson-David-R; Resch-Steven-C; Stephens-David-W; Silvester-Warwick-B. |
| Source: New-Zealand-Journal-of-Botany. 1997; 35 (3) 361-367. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Frankia strains are actinomycetes that fix N-2 in root nodules of plants classified in eight families of the Angiospermae. The wide variety of plants infected has raised questions about the ecology and diversity of Frankia symbionts, and their co-evolution with actinorhizal plants. Partial sequencing was done of the small subunit (16S) rRNA gene from Frankia endophytes present in the root nodules of Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, A. viridis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Coriaria arborea, C. plumosa, and Elaeagnus pungens growing in New Zealand. With the exceptions of the Coriaria spp., all of the plants are exotic to New Zealand. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicates that the exotic species were nodulated by Frankia strains that cluster with strain groups previously shown to be typical for each actinorhizal host. Frankia in 12 native Coriaria spp. nodules yielded two sequences differing in only one position, suggesting a relatively low diversity compared with the exotic species. |
| Title: Typical Frankia infect actinorhizal plants exotic to New Zealand. |
| Author: Clawson,-M.L.; Benson,-D.R.; Resch,-S.C.; Stephens,-D.W.; Silvester,-W.B. |
| Source: N.-Z.-J.-BOT. vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 361-367LA. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Frankia strains are actinomycetes that fix N sub(2) in root nodules of plants classified in eight families of the Angiospermae. The wide variety of plants infected has raised questions about the ecology and diversity of Frankia symbionts, and their co-evolution with actinorhizal plants. Partial sequencing was done of the small subunit (16S) rRNA gene from Frankia endophytes present in the root nodules of Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, A. viridis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Coriaria arborea, C. plumosa, and Elaeagnus pungens growing in New Zealand. With the exceptions of the Coriaria spp., all of the plants are exotic to New Zealand. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicates that the exotic species were nodulated by Frankia strains that cluster with strain groups previously shown to be typical for each actinorhizal host. Frankia in 12 native Coriaria spp. nodules yielded two sequences differing in only one position, suggesting a relatively low diversity compared with the exotic species. |
| Title: Growth response of large, established shrubs to Cutless, Atrimmec, and Trim-cut. |
| Author: Banko-Thomas-J; Stefani-Marcia-A. |
| Source: Journal-of-Environmental-Horticulture. 14 (4) 177-181. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Several species of large, established landscape shrubs were treated with different concentrations of Cutless (flurprimidol) or label concentrations of Atrimmec (dikegulac) or Trim-cut (mefluidide). Length of new shoots decreased with increasing rates of Cutless for 'Convexa' holly, 'Hetzi' juniper, Japanese cleyera, 'Manhattan' euonymus, thorny elaeagnus, and yaupon holly, but for most species the Cutless treatments were not as effective as Atrimmec. The 5000 ppm Cutless foliar spray was the most effective treatment for Manhattan euonymus but Atrimmec was more effective on thorny elaeagnus, 'Convexa' holly, yaupon holly, and Japanese cleyera. Trim-cut (1600 ppm) reduced growth of thorny elaeagnus and 'Convexa' holly, but not as much as Atrimmec (5000 ppm). |
| Title: Cyclic microirrigation in container-grown landscape plants improves plant growth and water conservation. |
| Author: Beeson-R-C-Jr; Haydu-J. |
| Source: Journal-of-Environmental-Horticulture. 1995; 13 (1) 6-11. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Four tree (Acer rubrum L., Ulmus alata Michx., Quercus virginiana Mill. and Lagerstroemia indica L.) and two landscape shrub species (Rhododendron indicum L. 'Formosa' and Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.) were grown in 10-liter ( 3) polyethylene containers. Plants were irrigated with overhead impact sprinklers (control) or with individual low volume spray stakes. Micoirrigated treatments consisted of same or double volume per day per container as controls applied as one to three cyclic subvolumes. Shrub growth was seldom influenced by irrigation treatment. Xeric tree species (U. alata and Q. virginiana) grew as well with single volumes applied in 2 cycles as double volumes applied in 3 cycles; both produced significantly larger trees than the control. Mesic species (A. rubrum and L. indica) irrigated with double volumes in 3 cycles produced the largest trees that were significantly larger than single volume microirrigated or control trees. Growth of single cycle, single volume trees (overhead and microirrigation) was equivalent; thus, growth effects were due to cycling, not microirrigation. With commercially representative container spacings used, superior trees were produced with cycled microirrigation using 25% (xeric) or 50% (mesic) of the water volume per area applied through the overhead sprinkler. Further aspects of irrigation requirements and water efficiency are discussed. |
| Title: Restricting overhead irrigation to dawn limits growth in container-grown woody ornamentals. |
| Author: Beeson-R-C-Jr. |
| Source: Hortscience-. 1992; 27 (9) 996-999. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: Elaeagnus pungens Thunb., Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Photinia times fraseri "Red Top", and Rhododendrop sp. Fashion" (azalea) growing in 10.4-liter containers were irrigated only at dawn with overhead impact sprinklers of pulse-irrigated three or four times each day with a drip system. Plant water potential was measured diurnally each week for 24 weeks, and growth was measured at the end of the growing season in December. Overhead irrigation resulted in less growth of all species than plants maintained near 100% container moisture with pulse irrigation. With the exception of photinia, more growth was associated with significantly lower daily accumulated water stress. Water stress of overhead-irrigated plants was generally not severe enough to cause stomatal closure. |
| Title: Cellulose and xylans in the interface capsule in symbiotic cells of actinorhizae.SO. |
| Author: Berg,-R.H.TI. |
| Source: PROTOPLASMA. vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 35-43. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1990 |
| Abstract: Enzyme-gold affinity labeling was used to show that in mature infected cells of actinorhizal symbioses the capsule on the plant host side of the symbiotic interface contained cellulose and xylans. Host species examined for cellulose were Alnus rubra, Casuarina equisetifolia, C. glauca, Ceanothus cuneata, C. velutinus , Elaeagnus pungens , and Myrica cerifera . Cellulose was in the capsule throughout the infected cell, implying that during development cellulose synthase was present in the host cell membrane component of the symbiotic interface. Any possible degradation of capsule cellulose by the microsymbiont was either incomplete or transient, because the polymer was present in mature infected cells. Cellulose labeling in Ceanothus and Elaeagnus was less consistent than in the other species. Dual labeled capsules in Casuarina glauca and Alnus rubra showed a similar distribution of xylans and cellulose. |
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