SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for Cirsium vulgare
Common name: Bull Thistle
| Title: Bull thistle, Cirsium vulgare. |
| Author: Mitich, Larry W. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. Oct.-Dec., 1998; 12 (4) 761-763. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Induced dormancy and colour polymorphism in seeds of the bull thistle Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. |
| Author: Doucet-Colleen, Cavers-Paul-B. |
| Source: Seed-Science-Research. Dec., 1997; 7 (4) 399-407. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: To colonize newly disturbed areas, weedy species must disperse their seeds in space and/or in time. Cirsium vulgare has poor dispersal in space, but can form a persistent seed bank. Fresh seeds are capable of germinating in either light/dark or constant dark conditions under favourable diurnal temperatures of 25degreeC : 10degreeC. Despite this lack of dormancy, a large proportion of seeds do not germinate in the autumn after dispersal. Variation in germination requirements according to seed colour was also examined. Fresh seeds were placed under one of two overwintering treatments at 5degreeC, alternating light/dark or constant darkness. Some seeds of all colours: white, light, intermediate, dark and black germinated under these conditions. Six months later, ungerminated seeds subjected to the light/dark treatment did not require light for germination when placed under optimal temperatures. However, most seeds that had overwintered in constant darkness required light for germination. In the field, this induced dormancy would prevent seeds from germinating if buried or located in deep shade. Such seeds have the potential of forming a persistent seed bank. The proportion of dormant seeds did not appear to be associated with seed colour. Seeds incubated at 10degreeC following overwintering under light/dark conditions germinated to a higher percentage than seeds overwintered in darkness, regardless of the light conditions for germination. The results of this study help to explain the contradiction between delayed germination in the field and the lack of seed dormancy. |
| Title: A persistent seed bank of the bull thistle Cirsium vulgare. |
| Author: Doucet,C.; Cavers,P.B. |
| Source: CAN.-J.-BOT.-REV.-CAN.-BOT. 1996 vol. 74, no. 9, pp. 1386-1391. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Seeds of Cirsium vulgare were collected from two populations in southwestern Ontario and stored at the site of collection at three depths in the soil. After intervals of 6 to 30 months, seed samples were extracted, the seeds classed as germinated, dead, or firm, and then the firm seeds were set to germinate in a growth cabinet. Both populations established a persistent seed bank when left at the 15 cm depth; however, most seeds do not get buried at great depths. After storage at the surface or 3 cm deep, seeds in an arable sandy soil did not persist beyond 6 months. In contrast, some seeds stored in shaded conditions in a clay loam soil maintained viability for 30 months at the surface and at 3 cm. In some cases, the germination rate of seeds was retarded after storage, especially for seeds that were extracted from soils subjected to wetting and drying before seed retrieval. A separate experiment confirmed that wetting and drying can delay the germination of some seeds of C. vulgare. |
| Title: Changes in the germination requirements of Cirsium vulgare with storage. |
| Author: Van-Staden,J.; Kelly,K.M.; Ross,J.A. |
| Source: S.-AFR.-J.-BOT.-S.-AFR.-TYDSKR.-PLANTKD. 1995 vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 1-4. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., a monocarpic, biennial weed originating from the Northern Hemisphere, has become a major problem in South Africa. The seeds of C. vulgare are produced in summer/autumn and germinate in autumn or spring. The seeds have a low-temperature requirement for germination four weeks after seed shed. They become deeply dormant with time. Storage conditions affect the degree of dormancy that develops. Initially, seeds germinate optimally at temperatures between 15 and 20 degree C and are not very light-sensitive. With storage they develop a light requirement for germination. Gibberellic acid substitutes for this light requirement. With time, seeds stored at room temperature develop a higher temperature (30 degree C) requirement for germination. |
| Title: A latitudinal cline in vernalization requirement in Cirsium vulgare. |
| Author: Wesselingh,R.A.; Klinkhamer,P.G.L.; De Jong,T.J.; Schlatmann, E.G.M. |
| Source: ECOGRAPHY 1994 vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 272-277. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: We studied geographical variation in the vernalization requirement among European populations of the facultative biennial thistle Cirsium vulgare. In two common garden experiments and a growth room experiment we found genotypes that flowered without cold, in their first year. These annual types originated mainly from the south of Europe. Most of the plants from the northern populations flowered in their second year, after experiencing winter cold. We discuss the effects of the absence of a vernalization requirement on the phenotype. |
| Title: The influence of nitrogen availability on carbon and nitrogen storage in the biennial Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. II. The cost of nitrogen storage. |
| Author: Monson, R.K., Schulze, E.D. , Heilmeier, H. |
| Source: Plant, cell and environment. OCT 01 1994 v 17 n 10 , 1133. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The influence of nitrogen availability on carbon and nitrogen storage in the biennial Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. I. Storage capacity in relation to resource acquisition, allocation and recycling. |
| Author: Heilmeier-H {a}; Freund-M; Steinlein-T; Schulze-E-D; Monson-R-K. |
| Source: Plant-Cell-and-Environment. 1994; 17 (10) 1125-1131. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Plants of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. were cultivated under five different nitrogen regimes in order to investigate the effects of nitrogen supply on the storage processes in a biennial species during its first year of growth. External N supply increased total biomass production without changing the relationship between 'productive plant compartments' (i.e. shoot plus fine roots) and 'storage plant compartments' (i.e. structural root dry weight, which is defined as the difference between tap root biomass and the amount of stored carbohydrates and N compounds). The amount of carbohydrates and N compounds stored per unit of structural tap root dry weight was not affected by external N availability during the season, because high rates of N supply increased the concentration of N compounds whilst decreasing the carbohydrate concentration, and low rates of N supply had the opposite effect. Mobilization of N from senescing leaves was not related to the N status of the plants. The relationship between nitrogen compounds stored in the tap root and the maximum amount of nitrogen in leaves was an increasing function with increasing nitrogen supply. We conclude that the allocation between vegetative plant growth and the growth of storage structures over a wide range of N availability seems to follow predictions from optimum allocation theory, whereas N storage responds in a rather plastic way to N availability. |
| Title: The influence of nitrogen availability on carbon and nitrogen storage in the biennial Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 1. Storage capacity in relation to resource acquisition, allocation and recycling. |
| Author: Heilmeier, H. Freund, M. Monson, R.K. |
| Source: Plant, cell and environment. OCT 01 1994 v 17 n 10 1125. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Biology of bull thistle, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) tenore. |
| Author: Forcella, F. and Randall, J.M. |
| Source: Reviews of weed science. July 1994. v. 6 p. 29-50. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Demography of Cirsium vulgare in a grazing experiment. |
| Author: Bullock,-J.M.; Hill,-B.C.; Silvertown,-J. |
| Source: J.-ECOL. 1994 vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 101-111. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: The complete demographies of 16 populations of Cirsium vulgare were followed in a replicated experiment. The experiment was a factorial combination of two intensities of sheep grazing in each of three seasons - winter (grazed or ungrazed), spring (grazed or ungrazed), and summer (light or heavy grazing) - giving eight treatments in two blocks. For 6 years from 1987 to 1992 the population sizes of C. vulgare were monitored in each of the 16 paddocks. After 1989 grazing in spring or winter or increased grazing in summer all increased population sizes. Population sizes fluctuated widely between years. The effects of the grazing treatments and plant sizes on the transitions between nine life-history stages were determined. There were no grazing effects on seed numbers per flowerhead, postdispersal seed survival or between year seed survival in the seed bank. More-intense summer or winter grazing increased seedling emergence by increasing the proportion of microsites with no canopy or with no litter. Emergence was found to respond positively to these factors. Seedling survival was increased by winter or spring grazing and winter grazing increased the year-to-year survival of small and medium-sized rosettes. These effects probably occurred through selective grazing decreasing competition from the dominant grasses. Larger rosettes had lower mortality rates which were unaffected by the grazing treatments. There was a minimum rosette size threshold for flowering above which flowering probability increased with size. Because winter grazing increased the survival of smaller rosettes it increased the proportion of smaller rosettes in the populations and thus decreased the proportion of rosettes flowering. By the same process winter grazing decreased the average size of flowering rosettes and, because smaller rosettes produced fewer flowerheads, this treatment decreased the flowerhead number of flowering rosettes. The lepidopteran seed predator Eucosma cana attacked a larger proportion of heads on plants with more flowerheads. By decreasing the average number of flowerheads per flowering plant winter grazing decreased the proportion of flowerheads on a plant attacked. Matrix analysis of life tables for each paddock showed that winter and spring grazing and increased summer grazing all significantly increased the population growth rate lambda . The population sizes of each paddock correlated significantly with the estimated lambda values. Elasticity analysis was performed on each matrix and elasticity values within each matrix were summed to give a value for fecundity (e sub(F)), stasis (e sub(L)) and growth (e sub(G)). Triangular ordination of e sub(F), e sub(L) and e sub(G) showed that lambda became more sensitive to small changes in fecundity and less sensitive to small changes in stasis as grazing intensity increased. |
| Title: A density-dependent model of Cirsium vulgare population dynamics using field-estimated parameter values. |
| Author: Gillman,M.; Bullock,J.M.; Silvertown,J.; Hill,B.C. |
| Source: OECOLOGIA 1993 vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 282-289. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Two versions of a stage-structured model of Cirsium vulgare population dynamics were developed. Both incorporated density dependence at one stage in the life cycle of the plant. In version 1 density dependence was assumed to operate during germination whilst in version 2 it was included at the seedling stage. Density-dependent parameter values for the model were estimated from annual census data in a factorial grazing experiment. Version 1 of the model produced significant estimates of density dependence under field conditions. The estimated values, when included in a simulation of the dynamics, produced two-point limit cycles under conditions of hard grazing. The limit cycles were most pronounced at the early rosette stage. Comparison of the effects of density dependence at the two different stages in the life cycle revealed a strong difference in predicted dynamics. This emphasizes the importance of determining where density dependence operates under field conditions and the potential problems of arbitrarily assigning it to particular life-history stages. Version 1 of the model produced a good prediction of observed mean plant density across the different grazing treatments (r super(2) = 0.81, P < 0.001). |
| Title: Biological flora of the British Isles, No. 176. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (Carduus lanceolatus L., Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop., non Hill). |
| Author: Klinkhamer,P.G.L.; DeJong,T.J. |
| Source: J.-ECOL. 1993 vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 177-191. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Thrips nigropilosus is found in New Zealand on Cirsium vulgare (Scotch thistle) - a new host record for this species. An account of its other host records and distribution is given as well as new distribution records for New Zealand. |
| Title: Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (Carduus lanceolatus L., Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop., non Hill). |
| Author: Klinkhamer, P.G.L. and Jong, T.J. de. |
| Source: Journal of ecology. 1993. v. 81 (1) p. 177-191. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Cynareae, tribe Cardueae Cass., subtribe Carduinae Dumort. (Dittrich 1977). A biennial or short-lived monocarpic herb. In the juvenile phase individuals form a single rosette with taproot to 70 cm, and obovate-lanceolate prickly leaves. The first leaves are only slightly pinnatifid, but on mature rosettes the leaves are deeply pinnatifid and undulate, with the segments usually 2-lobed; the upper lobe is toothed near the base, the lower lobe is entire. Lobes and teeth have long stout spines (c. 8 mm long). In the generative phase a flowering stem is formed, 30-200 cm tall. Stem erect, interruptedly spiny-winged and cottony furrowed. Stem leaves decurrent, prickly-hairy above and rough or cottony beneath. The short-stalked flower heads solitary or in small clusters (2-3). Heads up to 5 cm long; the slightly cottony involucre 3-3.5 cm long, about two-thirds as broad as long. Involucral bracts green, 15 cm wide, and in many rows, the outer bracts with the long point recurved and spiny-tipped, and the inner bracts with the point erect. The pale red-purple (rarely white) corolla 27-35 mm long. The cypselae (referred to as 'seeds' for convenience in some later sections) c. 3.5 mm long and c. 1.5 mm wide. air-dry mass 1-4 mg, yellow streaked with black, and with white-feathered pappus (20-30 mm long). Several sub-species of dubious taxonomic status have been recognized (Hegi Fl. ed. 3, VI). Var. hypoleucum (DC.) Clapham (C. nemorale Rchb.) is of uncertain taxonomic status. Leaves hardly undulate, densely cottony beneath; branches few, strict, or none; heads few, ovoid-globose (Fl.Br.Isl.). Cirsium vulgare is most common in grasslands, road verges, fertile spoil heaps, building rubble and coastal dunes. It is also present in woodland clearings, rock outcrops, arable fields, on banks of rivers and streams, in hedgerows and along paths. Largely absent from p Abstract pastures and from deeply shaded and waterlogged habitats. |
| Title: Interference of bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) with growth of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings in a forest plantation. |
| Author: Randall, J.M. and Rejmanek, M. |
| Source: Canadian journal of forest research. Aug 1993. v. 23 (8) p. 1507-1513. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: The biennial thistle Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore significantly reduced ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougi. ex Laws.) seedling growth during the second year of infestation but had insignificant effects in the first year when all thistles were in the rosette stage. Pine stem diameter relative growth rate was significantly negatively correlated with four different indices of thistle interference and with visual estimates of thistle cover. Total thistle density (adults + rosettes) within 2.0 m of target seedlings best explained differences in stem relative growth rate, but density of adults alone and visual estimates of thistle cover were nearly as good. Simple regressions indicated that soil moisture and pine predawn leaf water potential were significantly negatively correlated with thistle density and significantly positively correlated with stem relative growth rate, but multiple regressions and path analyses indicated that their effects on seedling growth were negligible relative to the other (unexplained) effects of thistle density. Foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations were not significantly correlated with thistle density and failed to explain differences in seedling growth. Although it remains unclear how thistles suppressed pine seedling growth, if these results hold true at other sites, plantation managers will have at their disposal relatively easy methods for assessing thistle interference. |
| Title: Influence of pasture grass and legume swards on seedling emergence and growth of Carduus nutans L. and Cirsium vulgare L. |
| Author: Wardle, D.A. Nicholson, K.S. Rahman, A. |
| Source: Weed research. APR 01 1992 v 32 n 2 119. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Life histories of Terellia serratulae and Urophora stylata (Diptera, Tephritidae) and their co-occurrence on Cirsium vulgare . |
| Author: Kinkorova,-J. |
| Source: ACTA-ENTOMOL.-BOHEMOSLOV. 1991. vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 293-298. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: Suitability of Terellia serratulae (L., 1758) and Urophora stylata (Fabricius, 1775), as biocontrol agents of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore (Asteraceae: Cardueae) was investigated. C. vulgare is a widespread weed in Czechoslovakia. U. stylata produces galls in the flower heads of this weed causing a reduction in the number of achenes. T. serratulae does not produce galls, but larvae feeding on achenes decrease the seed production of the host plant. Larvae of both species can develop in the same flower head and thus it is recommended that T. serratulae and U. stylata be used in the control of C. vulgare . |
| Title: Biological control of spear thistle, Cirsium vulgare (Asteraceae), in South Africa. |
| Author: Zimmermann,H.G. |
| Source: AGRIC.,-ECOSYST.-ENVIRON. 1991. vol. 37, no. 1-3, pp. 199-205. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: The biological control of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore in South Africa has been a recent opportunistic project using insects that had already been introduced into other countries. The capitulum gall-fly, Urophora stylata L. (Tephritidae), from West Germany and Western France, and the seed-feeding weevil, Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich) (Curculionidae), from Western France, were released on infestations of C. vulgare in South Africa on several occasions from 1983 onwards. Initially, both herbivores became established, but only at one locality in Natal, and there is now doubt that the population of U. stylata has persisted. The population of R. conicus has dispersed up to 1.5 km from the original point of release, but it is premature to gauge the usefulness of the weevils for biological control of C. vulgare in South Africa. |
| Title: Life histories of Terellia serratulae and Urophora stylata (Diptera, Tephritidae) and their co-occurrence on Cirsium vulgare. |
| Author: Kinkorova,J. |
| Source: ACTA-ENTOMOL.-BOHEMOSLOV. 1991. vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 293-298. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: Suitability of Terellia serratulae (L., 1758) and Urophora stylata (Fabricius, 1775), as biocontrol agents of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore (Asteraceae: Cardueae) was investigated. C. vulgare is a widespread weed in Czechoslovakia. U. stylata produces galls in the flower heads of this weed causing a reduction in the number of achenes. T. serratulae does not produce galls, but larvae feeding on achenes decrease the seed production of the host plant. Larvae of both species can develop in the same flower head and thus it is recommended that T. serratulae and U. stylata be used in the control of C. vulgare. |
| Title: Reproductive and vegetative biology of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (Compositae: Cynareae). |
| Author: Michaux,B. |
| Source: N.Z.-J.-BOT. 1989. vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 401-414. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1989 |
| Abstract: Achenes of Cirsium vulgare germinated at constant temperatures between 7 degree C and 32 degree C. Fresh achenes had a higher optimum temperature of germination (23.5 degree C) than older achenes which had been stored for 10 months (20 degree C). Fresh achenes also germinated more slowly and had a lower maximum level of germination. Achenes that were buried in the soil showed a decrease in viability over time. At depths of 2 cm achenes either germinated or were destroyed. At greater depths the achenes showed an exponential decay rate in viability with time. The slope of this exponential curve decreased with increasing depth of burial. Germination in the field was synchronous with rainfall pattern over the summer, although subsequent germination may occur if achenes are brought to the surface. Young seedlings were not damaged by frosts of -2 degree C. After germination a major root system developed rapidly, whilst a rosette more slowly formed above ground. Rosettes increased in diameter until the winter when growth ceased, although horizontal growth was reinitiated if the rosette became damaged. In late winter or early spring vertical growth is initiated, leading to the formation of a bushy plant with subsequent flowering and production of achenes.ACCESSION NUMBER: 2380213 |
| Title: Associated fauna at one site of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., (Compositae: Cynareae). |
| Author: Michaux,-B. |
| Source: N.Z.-ENTOMOL. 1989. vol. 12, pp. 13-16. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1989 |
| Abstract: The fauna associated with Cirsium vulgare were collected from rosettes, flowers, and seed heads at Kaukapakapa, 40 km north-west of Auckland. This fauna can be characterised as non-specific, non-damaging, and impoverished with respect to Diptera and Coleoptera when compared with European and Asiatic faunas collected from either C. vulgare or other Cirsium spp. Possible control agents discussed in the literature are detailed. |
| Title: Associated fauna at one site of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., (Compositae: Cynareae. |
| Author: Michaux,B. |
| Source: N.Z.-ENTOMOL. 1989. vol. 12, pp. 13-16. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1989 |
| Abstract: The fauna associated with Cirsium vulgare were collected from rosettes, flowers, and seed heads at Kaukapakapa, 40 km north-west of Auckland. This fauna can be characterised as non-specific, non-damaging, and impoverished with respect to Diptera and Coleoptera when compared with European and Asiatic faunas collected from either C. vulgare or other Cirsium spp. Possible control agents discussed in the literature are detailed. |
| Title: Why biennials delay flowering: an optimization model and field data on Cirsium vulgare and Cynolglossum officinale. |
| Author: De Jong, T.J. Klinkhamer, P.G.L. Geritz, S.A.H. |
| Source: Acta botanica neerlandica. MAR 01 1989 v 38 n 1 41. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1989 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The chrysanthemum thrips, Thrips nigropilosus Uzel (Terebrantia: Thysanoptera), on Scotch thistle, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (Compositae: Cynareae) in New Zealand. |
| Author: Walker,-A.K.; Michaux,-B. |
| Source: N.Z.-ENTOMOL. 1989. vol. 12, pp. 17-18. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1989 |
| Abstract: Thrips nigropilosus is found in New Zealand on Cirsium vulgare (Scotch thistle) - a new host record for this species. An account of its other host records and distribution is given as well as new distribution records for New Zealand. |
| Title: Germination and population structure of spear thistle Cirsium vulgare in relation to experimentally controlled sheep grazing. |
| Author: Silvertown, J. Smith, B. |
| Source: Oecologia. 1989 v 81 n 3 369. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1989 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Germination and population structure of spear thistle Cirsium vulgare in relation to experimentally controlled sheep grazing. |
| Author: Silvertown,J. and Smith,B. |
| Source: OECOLOGIA. 989. vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 369-373. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1989 |
| Abstract: The size and number of rosettes of Cirsium vulgare were censused in a 4 ha sheep grazing trial on lowland calcareous grassland in paddocks receiving controlled winter, spring and summer grazing treatments. Spring grazing significantly increased thistle rosette numbers, and there were always fewer rosettes in size classes 250 mm-300 mm under the heavier grazing treatments. The emergence of seeds of Cirsium vulgare sown by hand into each of the grazing treatments was monitored and showed a positive effect of spring grazing. When the percent emergence of sown seeds was used as a covariate in the analysis of rosette numbers in the experimental paddocks, it was found to account for 77% of the variance in thistle numbers. It was concluded that the main effect of grazing on thistle rosette numbers is an indirect one exercised through the effects of grazing on germination conditions. ACCESSION NUMBER: 2425916 |
| Title: The importance of small-scale disturbance for seedling establishment in Cirsium vulgare and Cynoglossum officinale. |
| Author: Klinkhamer, P.G.L. and Jong, T.J. de. |
| Source: Journal of ecology. June 1988. v. 76 (2) p. 383-392. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1988 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Seedling establishment of the biennials Cirsium vulgare and Cynoglossum officinale in a sand-dune area: the importance of water for differential survival and growth. |
| Author: Jong, T.J. de and Klinkhamer, P.G.L. |
| Source: Journal of ecology. June 1988. v. 76 (2) p. 393-402. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1988 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Competition and relative yield: estimation and interpretation at different densities and under various nutrient concentrations using Silybum marianum and Cirsium vulgare. |
| Author: Austin, M.P, Fresco, L.F.M., Nicholls, A.O., Groves, R.H., and Kaye, P.E. |
| Source: Journal of ecology. Mar 1988. v. 76 (1) p. 157-171. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1988 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: First report of Cirsium vulgare (Asteraceae) from Texas. |
| Author: O'Kennon, B. and Nesom, G. |
| Source: SIDA, contributions to botany. June 1988. v. 13 (1) p. 115-116. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1988 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Production, dispersal and predation of seeds in the biennial Cirsium vulgare. |
| Author: Klinkhamer, P.G.L., Jong, T.J. de. and Meijden, E. van der. |
| Source: Journal of ecology. June 1988. v. 76 (2) p. 403-414. ill. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1988 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Population ecology of the biennials Cirsium vulgare and Cynoglossum officinale in a coastal sand-dune area. |
| Author: Jong, T.J. de and Klinkhamer, P.G.L. |
| Source: Journal of ecology. June 1988. v. 76 (2) p. 366-382. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1988 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Interactions between the gall fly Urophora stylata (Diptera:Tephritidae) and spear thistle Cirsium vulgare (Compositae). |
| Author: Redfern, Margaret. |
| Source: Journal of biological education. Sumr 88 v 22 n 2 88. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1988 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Phytophagous insect faunas of two introduced Cirsium thistles, Cirsium ochrocentrum and C. vulgare, in southern California. |
| Author: Goeden, R.D. and Ricker, D.W. |
| Source: Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Nov 1986. v. 79 (6) p. 945-952. ill., maps. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1986 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The negative effects of litter of parent plants of Cirsium vulgare on their offspring: autotoxicity or immobilization? |
| Author: Jong, T.J. de and Klinkhamer, P.G.L. |
| Source: Oecologia. 1985. v. 65 (2) p. 153-160. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1985 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Competition of Urophora stylata F. and terellia serratulae L. (Dipt., Tephritidae) in the flowerheads of Cirsium vulgare. |
| Author: Michaelis, H. |
| Source: N.A.T.O. A.S.I. (Advanced Study Institute) series. Series G. Ecological sciences. 1986. v. 11 Pages p. 191-199. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1985 |
| Abstract: Paper presented at the "Workshop on Pest Control: Operations and Systems Analysis in Fruit Fly Management," August 5-9, 1985, Bad Windsheim, Germany. |
| Title: The consequences of predation in the population biology of the monocarpic species Cirsium palustre and Cirsium vulgare _Birds, Cheilosia grossa, Epiblema scutulana and rabbits as plant pests, Netherlands_. |
| Author: Leeuwen, B.H. van. |
| Source: Oecologia. 1983. v. 58 (2) , p. 178-187. ill. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1983 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: An approach to estimating yield loss of barley due to Canada thistle _Hordeum vulgare, Cirsium arvense, perennial weed_. |
| Author: O'Sullivan, P.A., Kossatz, V.C., Weiss, G.M., and Dew, D.A. |
| Source: Canadian journal of plant science. July 1982. v. 62 (3) p. 725-731. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1982 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Two thistles, one a native, one introduced _Cirsium occidentale, Cirsium vulgare (Cirsium lanceolatum), California_. |
| Author: McClintock, E. |
| Source: Fremontia. July 1982. v. 10 (2) p. 19-20. ill. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1982 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Influence of micro-organisms on the germination of the monocarpic Cirsium vulgare in relation to disturbance. |
| Author: Leeuwen, B.H. van. |
| Source: Oecologia. 1981. v. 48 (1) p. 112-115. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1981 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Laboratory germination of cirsium vulgare--bull of spear thistle. |
| Author: Lincoln, W.C. Jr. |
| Source: The News letter of the Association of Official Seed Analysts. Sept 1981. v. 55 (3) p. 67-68. ill. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1981 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The role of pollination in the population biology of the monocarpic species Cirsium palustre and Cirsium vulgare. |
| Author: Leeuwen, B.H. van. |
| Source: Oecologia. 1981. v. 51 (1) p. 28-32. ill. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1981 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Density and survival of Urophora stylata (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Cirsium vulgare (Compositae) in relations to flower head and gall size. |
| Author: Redfern, M. and Cameron, R.A.D. |
| Source: Proceedings of the VI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds / edited by Ernest S. Delfosse. p. 453-477. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 0 |
| Abstract: NA |
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