SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for: Yellow toadflax
Species (scientific name): Linaria vulgaris
| Title: Biological control of yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) by Eteobalea serratella in peppermint (Mentha piperita). |
| Author: Volenberg-Dean-S {a}; Hopen-Herbert-J; Campobasso-Gaetano. |
| Source: Weed-Science. March-April, 1999; 47 (2): 226-232. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Yellow toadflax is an introduced ornamental perennial that has become a serious weed in Wisconsin peppermint production. Glyphosate is the only labeled herbicide that controls yellow toadflax in peppermint. Other control strategies, either mechanical or cultural, have little effect on the weed in solid stands of peppermint. Previous research has suggested that the root mining moth Eteobalea serratella Tr. (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) may provide effective biological control of yellow toadflax. Therefore, experiments were conducted to determine the host specificity of E. serratella and to quantify E. serratella root mining of yellow toadflax. In larval and adult no-choice tests, E. serratella attacked only yellow toadflax. Other plant species collected from E. serratella's natural range were not attacked, neither those closely related to yellow toadflax in the family Scrophulariaceae, nor those closely related to peppermint in the family Labiatae. Root mining by E. serratella reduced root biomass an average of 20% compared to nontreated plants. Peppermint competition alone or in conjunction with root mining by E. serratella reduced root biomass 52 and 65%, respectively, compared to nontreated plants under noncompetitive conditions. E. serratella is host specific for yellow toadflax and demonstrates potential as a biological control agent by contributing to the reduced competitive ability of yellow toadflax in peppermint. |
| Title: Butter-and-Eggs. |
| Author: Foote, Knowlton C. |
| Source: New york state conservationist. JUN 01 1998 v 52 n 6 26 Summary Roadside weed favored as garden flower. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Linaria vulgaris Mill. |
| Author: Saner-Marc-A; Clements-David-R; Hall-Michael-R; Doohan-Douglas-J; Crompton-Clifford-W. |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Plant-Science. 1995; 75 (2) 525-537. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Scrophulariaceae), is (Scrophulariaceae), is a weed of rangelands and agricultural crops. Introduced from Eurasia into North America more than 300 yr ago, it is now naturalized in all provinces and territories up to 60 degree northern latitude and beyond 2000 m altitude. It became a concern in the middle of this century when it invaded the prairies. Its seriousness as a weed declined in the late 1950s, possibly as a result of biological control. Concern has been renewed recently because the adoption of minimum tillage techniques could lead to greater abundance. Reproduction is vigourous by means of adventitious root buds and by high seed production. Growth forms, vegetative reproduction, flower phenology, and germination are variable. The capability for regrowth from root parts makes L. vulgaris a difficult weed to eradicate and limits the efficacy of cultural control methods. The possibilities for chemical control are limited due to resistance to common herbicides. Biological control projects conducted during the past 50 yr have been partly successful and are on-going. |
| Title: Chemical and biological investigation of lipophilic fraction of Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Scrophulariaceae). |
| Author: Rzadkowska-Bodalska-Halina {a}; Kowalczyk-Ohem-Bozena {a}; Lamer-Zarawska-Eliza. |
| Source: Bulletin-of-the-Polish-Academy-of-Sciences-Biological-Sciences. 1995 (1996); 43 (3-4) 179-184. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Yellow toadflax and Dalmatian toadflax: Linaria vulgaris Hill and Linaria dalmatica [L.] Mill. |
| Author: Butler, M.D. and Burrill, L.C. |
| Source: PNW. Nov 1994. (135,rev.) 4 p. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Impact of Root Mining by Eteobalea Spp. On Clonal Growth and Sexual Reproduction of Common Toadflax, Linaria Vulgaris Mill. |
| Author: Saner, M.A. Muller-Scharer, H. |
| Source: Weed research. , JUN 01 1994 v 34 n 3. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Experiments with potted plants of the weed Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Scrophulariaceae) were carried out to evaluate the effects of root mining by Eteobalea (syn. Stagmatophora) spp. (Lep. Cosmopterigidae). Attacked plants had a shorter flowering season and produced seeds of lower weight. Continuous mining during winter resulted in a doubling of the number of stems in spring, but the total plant biomass remained unaffected. This may have been caused by disrupted apical dominance due to root-crown damage. The observed effects are expected to complement those of other agents used in the biological control of L. vulgaris in North America. |
| Title: Yellow toadflax. |
| Author: Mitich, L.W. |
| Source: Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America. July/Sept 1993. v. 7 (3) p. 791-793. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Comparison of growth seedlings and plants grown from root pieces of yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris). |
| Author: Nadeau, L.B., King, J.R. and Harker, K.N. |
| Source: Weed science. Jan/Mar 1992. v. 40 (1) p. 43-47. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: Different growth rates of young seedlings (genets) and plants grown from root pieces (ramets) of yellow toadflax could influence their respective competitive ability and their susceptibility to management techniques. Shoot production was similar for genets and ramets (approximately 10 shoots were produced 12 or 13 wk after transplanting or cotyledon appearance, respectively), but the rate of shoot biomass accumulation was higher for genets than for ramets. Genets consistently produced more underground shoots than ramets. Replanted underground shoots separated from their roots were able to produce new shoots and roots. Rate of elongation for roots 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter was higher for ramets than for genets, but their shoot production potential was the same. Root pieces from genets did not have the ability to produce daughter shoots until 3 wk after cotyledon appearance. This indicates that very young genets would be more susceptible than older genets or ramets to management control systems. |
| Title: Biology and host specificity of Mecinus janthinus Germar (Col.: Curculionidae), a candidate for the biological control of yellow and dalmatian toadflax, Linaria vulgaris (L.) Mill. and Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. (Scrophulariaceae) in North America. |
| Author: Jeanneret, P. and Schroeder, D. |
| Source: Biocontrol science and technology. 1992. v. 2 (1) p. 25-34. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: The biology and host specificity of Mecinus janthinus Germar, an oligophagous, univoltine stem-borer of Linaria spp. are discussed. The results of feeding and oviposition tests with 38 species in 13 families and of larval transfer tests with four plant species are presented. They show that M. janthinus is restricted to the genus Linaria and does not develop on snap-dragon, Antirrhinum majus, an important ornamental in North America. The weevil is widely distributed in Europe. It accepts and develops normally on plants from the target North American toadflax populations. Therefore, it should be relatively easy to establish M. janthinus where the control of L. dalmatica and L. vulgaris is required. The release of M. janthinus in Canada and the USA is recommended. |
| Title: Effects of Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on flowering and seed production of common toadflax. |
| Author: McClay, A.S. |
| Source: The Canadian entomologist. July/Aug 1992. v. 124 (4) p. 631-636. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The development of spatial pattern in shoots of Linaria vulgaris (Scrophulariaceae) growing on fallow land or in a barley crop. |
| Author: Nadeau, L.B., Dale, M.R.T. and King, J.R. |
| Source: Canadian journal of botany = Journal canadien de botanique. Nov 1991. v. 69 (1) p. 2539-2544. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: Linaria vulgaris root pieces 10 cm long with 10 cm tall shoots were planted with a barley crop and on fallow land in 1988 and 1989. Positions of new shoots of L. vulgaris were recorded once a week throughout both summers. Densities of L. vulgaris stands growing on fallow land were similar in both 1988 and 1989, ranging from 167 shoots multiplied by m super(-2) in August to 247 shoots multiplied by m super(-2) in October. Densities of L. vulgaris strands growing with a barley crop varied between years, ranging between 1587 and 539 shoots multiplied by m super(-2) from August to October in 1988 and being relatively stable at 95 shoots multiplied by m super(-2) between August and October in 1989. Stand diameter was consistently greater when on fallow land than in barley, with a maximum diameter of 1 m in 1988 and 2 m in 1989 when on follow land, and a maximum diameter of 40 cm in 1988 and 1 m in 1989 in barley. |
| Title: Seed dispersant and seedling establishment of linaria vulgaris Mill. |
| Author: Nadeau, L. B. King, J. R. |
| Source: Canadian journal of plant science. Revue canadi JUL 01 1991 v 71 n 3 771. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Seed dispersal and seedling establishment of Linaria vulgaris Mill. |
| Author: Nadeau, L.B. and King, J.R. |
| Source: Canadian journal of plant science = Revue canadienne de phytotechnie. July 1991. v. 71 (3) p. 771-782. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Seasonal seed viability patterns and the role of incomplete seed development in the life history strategy of Linaria vulgaris. |
| Author: Clements, David R. Cavers, Paul B. |
| Source: Le Naturaliste canadien. 1990 v 117 n 3 189. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1990 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Occurrence and overwintering of cucumber mosaic virus and broad bean wilt virus in weeds growing near commerical lettuce fields in New York. |
| Author: Rist, D.L. and Lorbeer, J.W. |
| Source: Phytopathology. Jan 1989. v. 79 (1) p. 65-69. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1989 |
| Abstract: Natural hosts of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and broad bean wilt virus (BBWV) near commerical lettuce fields in New York included 18 and four weed species, respectively. Inoculation of diagnostic hosts was useful in discerning whether weeds were infected in cases where results with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were borderline. There were no marked differences between the natural hosts of two strains of CMV commonly isolated from lettuce and designated as CMV-L1 and CMV-L2. CMV-L2 was slightly more common than CMV-L1 (55% vs. 45% of the total CMV-positive samples). Asclepias syriaca, Barbarea vulgaris, Rorippa islandica, and Linaria vulgaris all harbored CMV in subterranean structures throughout the winter. The rhizomes of L. vulgaris also served as overwintering sites for BBWV. |
| Title: Yellow toadflax control with fluroxypyr and picloram on Colorado rangeland. |
| Author: Sebastian, J.R. and Beck, K.G. |
| Source: Research progress report - Western Society of Weed Science. 1989. p. 33-34. Note Meeting held March 14-16, 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1989 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Yellow toadflax control with fluroyxpyr and picloram in Colorado rangeland. |
| Author: Beck, K.G. and Sebastian, J.R. |
| Source: Research progress report - Western Society of Weed Science. 1988. p. 73-74. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1988 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Pollination, predation and seed set in Linaria vulgaris (Scrophulariaceae). |
| Author: Arnold, R.M. |
| Source: American midland naturalist. Apr 1982. v. 107 (2) p. 360-369. ill. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1982 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Linaria repens X vulgaris at the central railway station in Stockholm, Sweden. (Hybriden linaria repens X vulgaris pa Stockholms centralstation.) |
| Author: Elvers, I. |
| Source: Svensk botanisk tidskrift. 1981. v. 75 (1) p. 51-55. ill. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1981 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: An open-flowered form of Linaria vulgaris. (Linaria vulgaris, gulsporre, med oppna blommor.) |
| Author: Morander, R. |
| Source: Svensk botanisk tidskrift. 1980. v. 74 (1) Pages p. 9-10. ill. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1980 |
| Abstract: NA |
< Back
Back To Invasives Common Name Index
|
