SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for: Reed canary grass
Species (scientific name): Phalaris arundinacea
| Title: Growth dynamics of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and its allocation of biomass and nitrogen below ground in a field receiving daily irrigation and fertilisation. |
| Author: Katterer-Thomas {a}; Andren-Olof. |
| Source: Nutrient-Cycling-in-Agroecosystems. May, 1999; 54 (1): 21-29. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Biomass and nitrogen in the roots, rhizomes, stem bases and litter of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) were repeatedly estimated by soil coring, and root growth dynamics of this potential energy crop was studied for two years using minirhizotrons. Results are discussed in relation to above-ground biomass and nitrogen fertilisation. Five treatments were used: C0, unfertilised control; C1, fertilised with solid N fertiliser in spring; I1, irrigated daily, fertilised as in C1; IF1, irrigated as I1 and fertilised daily through a drip-tube system; IF2, as in IF1 but with higher N fertiliser rates. Biomass of below-ground plant parts of reed canarygrass increased between the first and second years. Up to 50% of total plant biomass and nitrogen were recovered below-ground. The highest proportions were found in C0. The calculated annual input via root turnover ranged between 80 and 235 g m-2. In absolute terms, up to 1 kg and 10 g m-2 of biomass and nitrogen, respectively, were found in below-ground plant fractions. High inputs of stubble and accumulated below-ground biomass will occur when the ley is ploughed, which will result in a highly positive soil carbon balance for this crop in comparison with that of conventional crops such as cereals. |
| Title: The rapid growth of a population of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and its impact on some riverbottom herbs. |
| Author: Barnes-William-J {a}. |
| Source: Journal-of-the-Torrey-Botanical-Society. April-June, 1999; 126 (2): 133-138. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: The rapid expansion of a population of reed canarygrass on a small river island in western Wisconsin was documented for a 15 year period. Transect samples conducted in 1981 disclosed a single small population. Subsequent transect samples in 1996 revealed that reed canarygrass had become the dominant plant at elevations of <1 m above the normal high water level. Large perennial grasses, especially those that prevail at >1 m elevation, were not adversely affected by the increase in reed canarygrass. However, several formerly abundant herbs and grasses of low areas have been displaced and are now infrequent. Some reasons for the increase in reed canarygrass appear to include a more aggressive introduced strain of this grass and current low summer flows that have made more areas of <1 m available for longer periods of time during the growing season. |
| Title: The native status of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) in the Inland Northwest, USA. |
| Author: Merigliano-Michael-F {a}; Lesica-Peter. |
| Source: Natural-Areas-Journal. July, 1998; 18 (3) 223-230. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) can be invasive in wet habitats and is often a target for control. There is no consensus on its native status in North America; published sources treat it as either exotic or native. We examined the locations and habitats of early collections of reed canarygrass in the inland Northwest in the context of Euro-American settlement and early agronomic research. Early collectors found P. arundinacea along streams, lake margins, springs, and meadows. This species predates agronomic trials in the United States and was collected in remote areas before settlement. Modern populations of reed canarygrass may be a mixture of agronomic cultivars and native material. |
| Title: Growth and nitrogen dynamics of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) subjected to daily fertilization and irrigation in the field. |
| Author: Katterer-Thomas; Andren-Olof; Pettersson-Roger. |
| Source: Field-Crops-Research. Jan., 1998; 55 (1-2) 153-164. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: A field experiment including daily fertilization and daily irrigation was conducted to study the growth and nitrogen dynamics of Phalaris arundinacea subjected to various moisture and fertilizer regimes. There were five treatments: Control 0 (C0), neither fertilized nor irrigated; Control 1 (C1), not irrigated and supplied with 15 g N m-2 yr-1 applied in a single dose in early spring; Irrigated (I1), fertilized as described for C1, but with daily irrigation; Irrigated/Fertilized 1 (IF1), received the same amount of nitrogen as C1, and I1, but supplied daily through a drip-tube system according to the predicted N demand of the crop; Irrigated/Fertilized 2 (IF2) was irrigated as I1 and IF1, but received higher fertilizer doses, to eliminate any nutrient limitation. The above-ground crop was sampled 26 times between autumn 1992 and spring 1995. The in situ decomposition of crop residues was studied during 1993-1994. Nitrogen concentrations were measured in dry mass produced during the current year and decomposing residues from previous years' production. The loss of macronutrients from the crop between late autumn and the harvest time in early spring was calculated. The main differences in growth dynamics and yield between the treatments were due to irrigation. Growth was similar among the irrigated treatments. Crop biomass and nitrogen dynamics were similar in I1 and IF1. Thus, the fertilizer regime did not affect crop growth or N amounts in the crop. Although crop nitrogen concentrations were highest in IF2, this did not result in higher crop production. Differences in growth dynamics between C0 and C1 were due to N fertilization. Differences in dry mass dynamics between 1993 and 1994 were explained by differences in temperature. The relatively cold May in 1994 retarded growth and decreased the crop's efficiency at converting radiation into biomass, even though N concentrations were almost twice as high in spring 1994 as in spring 1993. During the first year of establishment, about 0.4 kg dry mass m-2 was produced. Under favourable conditions (fertilized and no water stress), 1.5 kg dry mass m-2 was produced. However, during one winter, dry mass decreased by about 40% until harvest in spring. The main factor limiting production was suggested to be low straw stiffness, which caused lodging, mainly in the irrigated treatments. Unless plant breeding can produce stiffer straw, the one-cut system will probably not be able to compete with other energy crops under intensive management at lower latitudes. The decomposition rates of crop residues were higher in the irrigated treatments than in C0 and C1. Nitrogen fertilization increased concentrations of N, P, K and S at harvest, and thus reduced the crop's quality as a biofuel. Changes in element concentrations during winter were minor and not consistent. However, concentrations of K were about 2.5 to 5 times lower in early spring than in the preceding autumns. |
| Title: The native status of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) in the inland Northwest, U.S.A. |
| Author: Merigliano, M.F., and P. Lesica. |
| Source: Natural Areas Journal 18:223-230. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Induced responses to herbivory and increased plant performance. |
| Author: Agrawal, A. |
| Source: Science 279:1201-1202. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Effects of nutrient and soil moisture on competition between Carex stricta, Phalaris arundinacea, and Typha latifolia. |
| Author: Wetzel,-P.R.; Van-Der-Valk,-A.G. |
| Source: Plant-Ecology [Plant-Ecol.] 1998 vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 179-190. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: We investigated the importance of nutrients, soil moisture, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and interspecific competition levels on the biomass allocation patterns of three wetland perennial plant species, Carex stricta Lam., Phalaris arundinacea L., and Typha latifolia L. A factorial experiment was conducted with high-low nutrient levels, high-low soil moisture levels, and with and without AMF inoculation. Under the experimental conditions, plant inoculation by AMF was too low to create a treatment and the AMF treatment was dropped from the total analysis. P. arundinacea and T. latifolia biomass were 73% and 77% higher, respectively, in the high nutrient treatment compared to the low nutrient treatment. Biomass allocation between shoots and roots remained relatively constant between environmental treatments, although shoot:root ratios of P. arundinacea declined in the low nutrient treatment. For C. stricta, the high nutrient and soil moisture treatments resulted in an increase in biomass of 50% and 15%, respectively. Shoot:root ratios were nearly constant among all environmental conditions. Biomass of T. latifolia and C. stricta was greatly decreased when grown with P. arundinacea. The rapid, initial height growth of P. arundinacea produced a spreading, horizontal canopy that overshadowed the vertical leaves of T. latifolia and C. stricta throughout the study. This pattern was repeated in both high and low nutrient and soil moisture treatments. When grown with P. arundinacea, C. stricta and T. latifolia significantly increased their mean shoot height, regardless of the nutrient or soil moisture level. The results of this experiment suggest that C. stricta and T. latifolia were light limited when growing with P. arundinacea and that canopy architecture is more important for biomass allocation than the other environmental conditions tested. The results also suggest that Phalaris arundinacea is an inherently better competitor than C. stricta or T. latifolia. |
| Title: Effects of nutrient and soil moisture on competitio n between Carex stricta, Phalaris arundinacea, and Typha latifolia. |
| Author: Wetzel-Paul-R; Van-Der-Valk-Arnold-G. |
| Source: Plant-Ecology. Oct., 1998; 138 (2) 179-190. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: We investigated the importance of nutrients, soil moisture, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and interspecific competition levels on the biomass allocation patterns of three wetland perennial plant species, Carex stricta Lam., Phalaris arundinacea L., and Typha latifolia L. A factorial experiment was conducted with high-low nutrient levels, high-low soil moisture levels, and with and without AMF inoculation. Under the experimental conditions, plant inoculation by AMF was too low to create a treatment and the AMF treatment was dropped from the total analysis. P. arundinacea and T. latifolia biomass were 73% and 77% higher, respectively, in the high nutrient treatment compared to the low nutrient treatment. Biomass allocation between shoots and roots remained relatively constant between environmental treatments, although shoot:root ratios of P. arundinacea declined in the low nutrient treatment. For C. stricta, the high nutrient and soil moisture treatments resulted in an increase in biomass of 50% and 15%, respectively. Shoot:root ratios were nearly constant among all environmental conditions. Biomass of T. latifolia and C. stricta was greatly decreased when grown with P. arundinacea. The rapid, initial height growth of P. arundinacea produced a spreading, horizontal canopy that overshadowed the vertical leaves of T. latifolia and C. stricta throughout the study. This pattern was repeated in both high and low nutrient and soil moisture treatments. When grown with R. arundinacea, C. stricta and T. latifolia significantly increased their mean shoot height, regardless of the nutrient or soil moisture level. The results of this experiment suggest that C. stricta and T. latifolia were light limited when growing with P. arundinacea and that canopy architecture is more important for biomass allocation than the other environmental conditions tested. The results also suggest that Phalaris arundinacea is an inherently better competitor (sensu Grime 1979) than C. stricta or T. latifolia. |
| Title: Effects of genotypes, soil moisture, and competition on the growth of an invasive grass, Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass). |
| Author: Morrison-Shannon-L; Molofsky-Jane. |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Botany. Nov., 1998; 76 (11): 1939-1946. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: The successful establishment of an invasive plant species in a new environment depends upon the interplay between the plant's genetic diversity and morphological plasticity and the physical and biotic environment it encounters. To determine the relative importance of these factors in influencing the spread of the invasive grass, Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canary grass), we transplanted three genotypes into a pasture that contained variable soil moisture, species composition, and vegetative cover. We found that P. arundinacea produced more above- and below-ground biomass in sparsely vegetated plots than in densely vegetated plots, but biomass production was not affected by soil moisture. There was also a significant clone X vegetative cover interaction. Genotypes differed in how strongly their growth was inhibited by dense vegetative cover. Vegetative cover also influenced biomass allocation patterns. As vegetative cover increased, P. arundinacea allocated more biomass to roots, a strategy that gives transplants a competitive advantage during the following spring. Our results suggest that, because it grows poorly in high vegetative cover, P. arundinacea is most likely to become a pest in disturbed or low-density plant communities. Furthermore, differences among genotypes in their response to vegetative cover suggest that continual introductions of new genotypes of reed canary grass substantially increase the chance that a particular genotype will flourish and spread. |
| Title: A new gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), feeding beneath leaf sheaths of Phalaris arundinacea (Poaceae). |
| Author: Sylven-Edvard {a}; Hellqvist-Sven; Sellerholm-Gunnel {a}; Tastas-Duque-Ruben. |
| Source: Entomologisk-Tidskrift. Nov., 1997; 118 (2-3) 99-109. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The gall midge Epicalamus phalaridis Sylven, gen. and sp. n. is described from reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea L., in northern Sweden. Larvae feed beneath leaf sheaths and the crop, which is grown for bioenergy and fibre production, lodges. The biology and economic significance of this new pest is detailed. The quantitative analysis on the density dependence of Phalaris arundinacea clonal population on middle mountain regions of subtropical zone of China shows that mean tiller weight, mean weight of leaves-per tiller and mean stem weight per tiller are decreased in power function with the increase of population density at different growing stages. At flowering stage, the reproductive development is restricted by the population density, and the vegetative growth not only by the tiller density, but also strongly by the population density. The death rate of population is negatively correlated with its density at different growing stages. |
| Title: Wisconsin Manual of Control. |
| Author: Hoffman & Kearns. |
| Source: Recommendations for Ecologically Invasive Plants. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Spread of Phalaris arundinacea adversely impacts the endangered plant Howellia aquatilis. |
| Author: Lesica, P. |
| Source: Great Basin Naturalist 57(4): 366-368. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: A new gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), feeding beneath leaf sheaths of Phalaris arundinacea (Poaceae) En ny gallmygga (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), som livnaer sig under bladslidor paa Phalaris arundinacea (Poaceae). |
| Author: Sylven,-E.; Hellqvist,-S.; Sellerholm,-G.; Tastas-Duque,-R..-Tidskr. |
| Source: Entomol 1997 vol. 118, no. 2-3, pp. 99-109. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The gall midge Epicalamus phalaridis Sylven, gen. and sp. n. is described from reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea L., in northern Sweden. Larvae feed beneath leaf sheaths and the crop, which is grown for bioenergy and fibre production, lodges. The biology and economic significance of this new pest is detailed. |
| Title: Integrated management techniques show promise for control for reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) in seasonal wetlands (Washington). |
| Author: Paveglio, F.L. & K.M. Kilbride. |
| Source: Restoration and Management Notes 14(1):79-80. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Phalaris arundinacea at its altitudinal maximum in the Czech Republic: Effect of cutting on carbohydrate and nitrogen content in rhizomes. |
| Author: Klimesova-Jitka. |
| Source: Ekologia-Bratislava 1996; 15 (2) 161-167. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and of total nitrogen (N) were determined in June, July, August, November 1990 and June 1991 in rhizomes of Phalaris arundinacea in the Hruby Jesenik Mts (The Sudeten, The Czech Republic). The stands were situated at two altitudes: (1) at the altitudinal maximum of P. arundinacea in Mali Kotlina cirque (1150-1350 m a.s.l.); (2) in the foothills at Mali Moravaka village (700 m as.l.). The TNC and N concentrations in rhizomes were the same at both localities. The TNC concentration varied during the year, a minimum occurred in June and maximum did in November. The minimum nitrogen concentration was measured in August while its maximum was in June. The stands in the Mali Kotlina Cirque were subjected to the following treatments: (1) no cut, (2) cut in June, (3) cut in August, and (4) cut both in June and August. The cut plants stored less TNC and N in comparison with uncut ones. A more severe reduction in the rhizome content of TNC and N was found in plants cut in August and in plants cut both in June and August. |
| Title: Influence of metabolic inhibitor on the uptake of cation by reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) grown on soil perfused with urine. |
| Author: Maeda-Yoshiyuki; Otani-Tadashi; Ogiwara-Kunitake; Takenaga-Hiroshi. |
| Source: Grassland-Science. 1996; 42 (1) 79-81. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Competition, biodiversity, invasion, and wildlife usage of selected introduced grasses in the Columbia and Great Basins. |
| Author: Harrison, R.D. N.J. Chatterton, R.J. Page, M. Curto, K.H. Assay, K.B. Jemson, and W.H. Horton. |
| Source: Research Report 155, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Plants and their names: a concise dictionary. |
| Author: Hyam, R., & R. Pankhurst. |
| Source: Oxford University Press, Oxford. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Relationship between salt tolerance, and contents of cation and free amino acid in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) grown on soil perfused with cattle urine. |
| Author: Maedo-Yoshiyuki {a}; Takemoto-Kei; Aso-Sueo; Takenaga-Hiroshi. |
| Source: Grassland-Science. 1995; 41 (1) 60-66. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The differences in salt tolerance between reed canarygrass (RCG) grown on soil perfused with urine(U-RCG) and on soil not perfused (C-RCG) were discussed in regard to the growth rate and the contents of cation and free amino acid. The seedlings grown on each soil were cultured in standard solution (KIMURA's B solution) for 10 days, then NaCl was applied to the solution to adjust its concentration to 0, 100 and 200 mM. Ten days after NaCl application, the plants were harvested to measure the weights and the contents of cations and free amino acid. The relative value of dry weight increase in plant tops during NaCl treatment to that during standard solution culture was used as an indicator of salt tolerance. 1. When the growth rates of U-RCG and C-RCG in standard solution were expressed as 100, the rate of U-RCG was higher than that of C-RCG at 200 mM NaCl (82 and 68), suggesting the stronger salt tolerance in U-RCG. 2. Sodium content of the plants increased, while K, Mg and Ca contents decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations in solution culture. The cation contents, especially K of plant tops in U-RCG tended to be higher. In U-RCG, the plant top/root ratios in Na, K, Mg and Ca contents were higher, and increased by the application of NaCl. 3. Total free amino acid contents of plant tops were increased by the application of NaCl. Though the contents were higher in U-RCG, the increase rates were higher in C-RCG. Proline content markedly increased in both RCGs and the Pro/total amino acid content ratio attained to 21.4% inU-RCG and 15.5% in C-RCG, being the highest at 200 mM NaCl. In roots, changes in free amino acid contents by the application of NaCl were different between URCG and C-RCG. However, no remarkable tendency of changes was shown. |
| Title: Bellevue reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). |
| Author: Coulman-B-E. |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Plant-Science. 1995; 75 (2) 473-474. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Bellevue is a cultivar of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) developed by the Plant Science Department at the Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec. It was developed by phenotypic selection from introduced lines for vigour, seed retention and low alkaloid concentrations, followed by half-sib progeny testing for forage yield. In forage dry matter, it yielded 101% of the check cultivar Vantage over 18 station years in the trials of the Quebec forage testing network. Bellevue is free of the tryptamine and carboline alkaloids, and has moderate concentrations of gramine. |
| Title: Wetlands A comparison of growth and nutrient uptake in Phalaris arundinacea L. growing in a wetland and constructed bed receiving landfill. |
| Author: Bernard-John-M {a}; Lauve-Theodore-E. |
| Source: 1995; 15 (2) 176-182. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: We compared seasonal growth patterns and nutrient (N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb) uptake of Phalaris arundinacea in an unpolluted wetland (Ithaca site) to those growing in a constructed wetland (Fenton site) receiving landfill leachate. Winter aboveground living biomass was higher at Fenton than at Ithaca probably owing to the longer growing season at Fenton caused by the warm leachate, which averaged 4-8 degree C during the winter. Uptake of nutrients was also greater at Fenton, with aboveground and belowground N uptake by plants approximately 35 g m-2. Such uptake means that P. arundinacea over the total area of the beds may utilize about 10% of the yearly N input and lesser amounts of other nutrient elements. |
| Title: Vertical distribution of underground organs of Phalaris arundinacea and Urtica dioica in a floodplain: A comparison of two methods. |
| Author: Klimesova-Jitka; Srutek-Miroslav. |
| Source: Preslia-Prague 1995; 67 (1) 47-53. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Vertical distribution of underground organs was studied in monospecific stands of Urtica dioica and Phalaris arundinacea and in a mixed stand of both species in the floodplain of the Luznice River (South Bohemia, Czech Republic). The method of soil monolits and the profile wall method were used; both gave the same results for root distribution in deeper soil horizonts. Roots of both species were found in the whole soil profile down to the groundwater table. By the method of soil monolits, the rhizomes of P. arundinacea were found deeper than by the profile wall method. Both methods revealed a higher concentration of roots in the topsoil in the stand of U. dioica stand than in that of P. arundinacea. In the shallowest soil layer, fewer roots were found by the profile wall method than by the method of soil monolits, probably because the finest roots were not recorded by the former. The profile wall method was less time-consuming and less demanding for special equipment than the method of soil monolits. |
| Title: Control of flowering in Phalaris arundinacea. |
| Author: Heide-Ola-M. |
| Source: Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences. 1994; 8 (3-4) 259-276. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Seedlings of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) have a dual photoperiodic induction requirement for flowering. Exposure to short days (SD) for 12 to 18 weeks at temperatures ranging from 6 to 15 degree C is required for primary induction, while a transition to long days (LD) is required for initiation of floral primordia, heading and inflorescence development (secondary induction). Primary induction is greatly enhanced by high photon flux density. The critical photoperiod for secondary induction was found to vary from about 13 h in the American cv. Vantage to about 15 h in Norwegian cvs. and breeding lines. A minimum of 8 LD cycles was required for secondary induction whereas 16-20 cycles were required for the full response. Plants grown in LD conditions developed elongated culms, even without primary induction. Such elongated shoots cannot be induced to flower. Spraying with the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor CCC reduced growth and enhanced primary induction in both SD and LD conditions. It is suggested that the effects of SD are mediated by lowering of the level of active gibberellins. |
| Title: The effects of timing and duration of floods on growth of young plants of Phalaris arundinacea L. and Urtica dioica L.: An experimental study. |
| Author: Klimesova-Jitka. |
| Source: Aquatic-Botany. 1994; 48 (1) 21-29. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: A pot experiment was performed with young plants of Phalaris arundinacea L. and Urtica dioica L. cultivated from seeds sown in April. Seedlings of both species were flooded during the spring (May-June) or summer (June-August) or autumn (August-October). Flooding in spring did not affect the survival of P. arundinacea seedlings but increased mortality of U. dioica seedlings. Summer flooding reduced the growth of rhizomes and tillering in P. arundinacea, while none of the U. dioica plants survived more than 4 weeks of summer flooding. Plants of P. arundinacea flooded in autumn had a higher dry mass than those grown in mesic conditions, but their growth terminated earlier. All plants of U. dioica survived the whole period of autumn flooding (9 weeks) but their dry mass decreased as a result of leaf and root mortality. The response of the two species to flooding is discussed in relation to their establishment in floodplain habitats. |
| Title: Some comparisons of developmental morphology in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) seedlings grown under an outdoor condition.. |
| Author: Ito-Mutsuyasu; Sekikawa-Hiroki. |
| Source: Nippon-Sochi-Gakkai-Shi 1994; 40 (1) 61-68. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Morphological and phyllochronic shoot development in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L., cv. Venture, RCG) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L., cv. Aonami, OG) seedlings was studied under an outdoor condition during May to early July, 1989. Both seedlings were cultivated in 8.5 cm pot, irrigated with HOAGLANDS solution, and harvested at each of the leaf expansion ages 5, 7, 9, and 11 (developmental ages when 5th to 11th leaves just fully expanded) on main shoot, and length and dry weight of successive leaf blade, sheath and internode of main shoot were measured. Dry weight of root and tillers was also measured. 1) The successive leaf on main shoot of RCG plant expanded very quickly with the interval around 3.3 days/leaf, whereas expansion of OG leaves was in slower rate (Table 1). Tillering was rather regular in lower nodes of main shoot of both RCG and OG at the beginning of the observation, but the growth of higher nodal tillers (1st order) was gradually suppressed as seedlings grew and expanded higher leaves. Tiller emergence was completely suppressed in the axil of 7th main shoot leaf and above in RCG plant, on the contrary tillering suppression was lenient in OG. 2) The exponential growth of each organ in main shoot and whole plant was observed both in RCG and OG seedlings (Fig. 1, 2). The growth rate of RCG was kept higher than that of OG in each component of main shoot and primary tiller. These higher growth rate of RCG seedlings was derived mainly from its higher leaf area ratio (LAR) during early stage of seedling growth, being additionally followed by acceleration in net assimilation rate (NAR) in later stage when internode elongation was commenced. Higher relative growth rate (RGR) of RCG seedling was most prominent in internodes, especially in main shoot (Table 2). 3) Length of successive leaf blade and sheath and width of leaf blade on main shoot increased with acropetal succession both in RCG and OG (Fig. 4-A, B). Successive increment of leaf blade was much prominent in OG shoot, being accelerated on the upper nodes. Although successive increment of leaf blade width in RCG was much larger than OG, length enlargement was rather in slow pace and attained maximum size around the phytomers 10-11. Successive leaf area (calculated after KEMP'S Method); leaf length times leaf midwidth times 0.905) was larger in RCG than in OG, especially on the upper nodes (Fig. 4-C). No internode elongation was commenced at any stage of OG seedling growth, whereas internodes around the phytomers 6-7 began to elongate at the stage of 7th leaf expansion on main shoot (Fig. 4-D). |
| Title: Uptake of macroelements by the helophyte Phalaris arundinacea L. Salt tolerance of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) grown on soil perfused with urine. |
| Author: Maeda-Yoshiyuki; Takenaga-Hiroshi. |
| Source: Journal-of-Japanese-Society-of-Grassland-Science. 1993; 39 (1) 116-119. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. |
| Author: Hickman, J.C. |
| Source: University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Vegetation Management Guideline: Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). |
| Author: Hutchison, M. |
| Source: Natural Areas Journal 12(3):159. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Reed canarygrass poses threat to oak savanna restoration and maintenance (Wisconsin). |
| Author: Henderson, R.A. |
| Source: Restoration & Management Notes 9(1):32. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. |
| Author: Holm, L.G., J.K. Pancho, J.P. Herberger, P.L. Plunkett. |
| Source: Krieger Publishing Co. Malabar, Florida. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Controlling reed canarygrass in a degraded oak savanna (Wisconsin). |
| Author: Henderson, R.A. |
| Source: Restoration & Management 8(2):254. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1987 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Ecology and control of reed canary grass. |
| Author: Apfelbaum, S.I. & C.E. Sams. |
| Source: Natural Areas Journal 7:69-74. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1987 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canarygrass-Gramineae) as a hydrophyte in Essex, Connecticut, USA. |
| Author: LeFor, M.W. |
| Source: Environmental Management 11(6):771-773. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1987 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Environmental interactions among reed Canarygrass genotypes for nutritive value, height and disease severity. |
| Author: Zeiders, K.E. & R.T. Sherwood. |
| Source: Agronomy Journal 77(1):94-98. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1985 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Effect of liming on yield and nutrient concentration of reed canarygrass grown in two peat soils. |
| Author: Levesque, M.P. & S.P. Mathur. |
| Source: Canadian Journal of Soil Science 63:469-478. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1983 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Crop mimicry in weeds. |
| Author: Barrett, S.C.H. |
| Source: Economic Botany 37:255-282. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1983 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Performance of some Phalaris accessions under irrigation in southeastern Queensland. |
| Author: Lowe, K.F. & T.M. Bowdler. |
| Source: Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 21:203-209. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1981 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Grasses of Ontario. |
| Author: Dore, W.G. and J. McNeill. |
| Source: Monograph 26, Agricultural Canada, Research Branch, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1980 |
| Abstract: English Invasive exotic species are considered one of the primary threats to native communities and are a major concern to natural areas managers. They are also implicated in the decline of rare species, but such cases have rarely been documented for plants. Here I present evidence that Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canarygrass), an aggressive rhizomatous grass with native and exotic genotypes, is gradually displacing native marsh vegetation, including the endangered plant Howellia aquatilis Gray. |
| Title: Seedling age and cold treatment effects on the induction of panicle production in reed canarygrass. |
| Author: Heichel, G.H., A.W. Hovin & K.I. Henjum. |
| Source: Crop Science 20:683-687. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1980 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Accumulation of NO3 and NH4 in reed canarygrass. |
| Author: Gomm, F.B. |
| Source: Agronomy Journal 71:627-630. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1979 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Longevity of certain weed and crop seeds in fresh water. |
| Author: Comes, R.D., V.F. Bruns, A.D. Kelley. |
| Source: Weed Science 26(4):336-344. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1978 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Primary productivity of emergent macrophytes in a Wisconsin freshwater marsh ecosystem. |
| Author: Klopatek, J.M. & F.W. Stearns. |
| Source: The American Midland Naturalist 100(2):320-332. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1978 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Volume 6, the monocotyledons. |
| Author: Cronquist, A., A.H. Holmgren, N.H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal, and P.K. Holmgren. |
| Source: New York Botanical Garden, New York. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1977 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Biological significance of reed canarygrass alkaloids and association with palatability variation to grazing in sheep and cattle. |
| Author: Marten, G.L., R.M. Jordan, A.W. Hovin. |
| Source: Agronomy Journal 68:909-914. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1976 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Response of 3 ditchbank grasses to glyphosate, dalapon & amitrol-T. |
| Author: Comes, R.D. |
| Source: Abstracts Weed Society of America p. 2-3. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1976 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The management of British wetlands. I. Economic and amenity use. |
| Author: Haslam, S.M. |
| Source: Journal of Environmental Management 1:303-320. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1973 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Studies on the control of reed canarygrass along irrigation systems. |
| Author: Bruns, V.F. |
| Source: Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Publication ARS-W-3. 17pp. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1973 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Migration of Weeds In Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution. |
| Author: Baker, H.G. |
| Source: Academic Press, London. pp. 327-347. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1972 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. |
| Author: Britton, N & A. Brown. |
| Source: Dover, New York. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1970 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Gray's Manual of Botany; a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, 8th ed. D. |
| Author: Gray, A. |
| Source: VanNostrand Co., New York. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1970 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Chemical control of reed canarygrass on irrigation canals. |
| Author: Hodgson, J.M. |
| Source: Weeds 16:465-468. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1968 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Changes in the aquatic vascular flora of Lake East Okoboji in historic times. |
| Author: Volker, R. & S.G. Smith. |
| Source: Proceedings Iowa Academy of Science 72:65-72. |
| Source Type: Paper |
| Publication Date: 1965 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Manual of the Vascular Plants of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. D. |
| Author: Gleason, H.A., A. Cronquist. |
| Source: VanNostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, NJ. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1963 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Delayed germination in Reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L. |
| Author: Vose, P.B. |
| Source: Annals of Botany. 26:197-206. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1962 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Phalaris. |
| Author: Anderson, D.E. |
| Source: Iowa State Journal of Science 36:1-96. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1961 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: A California flora. |
| Author: Munz, Philip A. |
| Source: University of California Press, Berkeley. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1959 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Variability in Reed Canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L. II. Seed Shattering. |
| Author: Baltensperger, A.A. & R.R. Kalton. |
| Source: Agronomy Journal 51(37-38). |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1958 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Maturity and curing temperature and their influence on the germination of reed canarygrass. |
| Author: Griffith W.L. & C.M. Harrison. |
| Source: Agronomy Journal 46:163-168. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1954 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Initiation and development of the inflorescences of Phalaris arundinacea L. and Dactylis glomerata L. |
| Author: Holt, I.V. |
| Source: Iowa State College Journal of Science. 28(4):603-621. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1954 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: A Manual of Flowering Plants of California. |
| Author: Jepson,W.L. |
| Source: University of California Press, Berkeley. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1953 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Gray's Manual of botany; a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 8th ed. |
| Author: Gray, A. |
| Source: New York, American Book Company. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1950 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Some chemical factors influencing the distribution of aquatic plants in Minnesota. |
| Author: Moyle, J.B. |
| Source: The American Midland Naturalist 34:402-420. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1945 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Pollination and seed formation in grasses. |
| Author: Smith, D.C. |
| Source: Journal of Agronomy Research 68:79-95. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1944 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Growth habits of reed canary grass. |
| Author: Evans, M.W. & J.E. Ely. |
| Source: Journal of the American Society of Agronomists. 33:1017-1027. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1941 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Growth and flowering of some tame and wild grasses in response to different photoperiods. |
| Author: Allard, H.W. & M.W. Evans. |
| Source: Journal of Agricultural Research 62:193-228. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1941 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Agronomic trials with reed canary grass. |
| Author: Wilkins, F.S. & H.G. Hughes. |
| Source: Journal of the American Society of Agronomy. 24:18-28. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1932 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Early trials and use of reed canary grass as a forage plant. |
| Author: Alway, F.J. |
| Source: Journal of the American Society of Agronomists. 23:64-66. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1931 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Forage Plants and Their Culture. |
| Author: Piper, C.V. |
| Source: The MacMillian Co., New York. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1924 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Gray's Manual of botany; a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 7th ed. |
| Author: Gray, A. |
| Source: New York, American Book Company. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1908 |
| Abstract: NA |
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