SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for: Purple loosestrife
Species (scientific name): Lythrum salicaria
| Title: Maternal and paternal success among flower morphs in tistylous Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Mal, T.K. Lovett-Doust, J. Lovett-Doust, L. |
| Source: Aquatic botany. APR 01 1999 v 63. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Mass Rearing Methods for Galerucella calmariensis and G. Pusilla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Biological Control Agents of Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). |
| Author: Blossey, Bernd Hunt, Tamaru R. |
| Source: Journal of economic entomology. APR 01 1999 v 92 n 2 325. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Quantitative evaluation of stigma polymorphism in a tristylous weed, Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). |
| Author: Hermann, Brian P. Mal, Tarun K. Dollahon, Norman R. |
| Source: American journal of botany. AUG 01 1999 v 86 n 8 1121. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Maternal and paternal success among flower morphs in tristylous Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Mal-Tarun-K {a}; Lovett-Doust-Jon; Lovett-Doust-Lesley. |
| Source: Aquatic-Botany. April, 1999; 63 (3-4) 229-239. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Morph-specific patterns of success as maternal and paternal parents were studied in a factorial pollination experiment with long-, mid- and short-floral morphs in tristylous Lythrum salicaria L. 'Legitimate' pollinations (involving stamens and stigma of similar heights) produced greater fruit and seed set than 'illegitimate' intermorph pollinations (involving stamens and stigma of dissimilar heights between different morphs), 'illegitimate' intramorph pollinations (between two individuals of the same floral morph) and self-pollinations (pollination involving stamens and stigma of the same flower). The mean rate of germination of seeds produced by legitimate and illegitimate crosses was 81.4% and 72.7%, respectively. The three flower morphs differed significantly in their ability to act as maternal parent but did not differ paternally, following legitimate pollinations. Significantly greater legitimate seed set was recorded for the long morph compared to the short morph, when these individuals acted as maternal parents. Incompatibility (as measured by seed set) was weakest in the mid-morph individuals and strongest in short-morph individuals. Following self-pollination events, pollen from the mid- and long whorls of stamens within a flower produced seeds in the long and mid-morphs, respectively. This suggests that the self-compatibility differs between the two whorls of stamens, and is greater in the longer stamens than in the shorter stamens in the long and mid-morphs. |
| Title: Relationship between the abundance of Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) and plant species richness along the Bar River, Canada. |
| Author: Treberg, Michael A. Husband, Brian C. |
| Source: Wetlands : the journal of the society of the we MAR 01 1999 v 19 n 1 118. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Effect of Galerucella spp. on survival of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) roots and crowns. |
| Author: Katovich, Elizabeth J. Stamm Becker, Roger L. Ragsdale, David W. |
| Source: Weed science. MAY 01 1999 v 47 n 3. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Comparison of Lythrum salicaria L. study sites in the midwest U.S. and central Europe. |
| Author: Edwards-Keith-R {a}; Kvet-Jan; Adams-Michael-S. |
| Source: Ekologia-Bratislava. 1999; 18 (2): 113-124. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Lythrum salicaria L. is a generalist species that can grow under a wide range of habitat conditions, both in its native distribution (Eurasia) and in North America, where it is a successful invader of temperate wetlands. Comparison of the European and U.S. habitats was a preliminary part of a larger project studying the life history traits of native and invasive populations of L. salicaria, when growing under different environmental conditions. Multivariate statistical analyses, using relativized Bray-Curtis ordinations, found that the sites separate along environmental gradients. This allowed for the establishment of experiments under natural settings; geographic effects were studied for populations growing under similar habitat conditions but in different regions of the species distribution in North America. The U.S. and European populations were measured during different growing periods. In order for comparisons to be meaningful, they must be done when climatic conditions were similar. Statistical analyses, using non-randomized nested designs for daily high and low temperatures and bimonthly precipitation amounts, showed that the European sites had similar temperature regimes as those in the U.S. Also, a more rainy growing season followed a drier one on both continents. |
| Title: Seasonal fluctuations of carbohydrate levels in roots and crowns of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). |
| Author: Katovich-Elizabeth-J-Stamm {a}; Becker-Roger-L; Sheaffer-Craig-C; Halgerson-James-L. |
| Source: Weed-Science. Sept.-Oct., 1998; 46 (5) 540-544. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Field studies were conducted to characterize the predominant nonstructural carbohydrates in roots and crowns of purple loosestrife and to determine the seasonal fluctuation of root and crown carbohydrates in three Minnesota wetland habitats. Starch was the primary nonstructural carbohydrate present, and concentrations were consistently higher in roots than in crowns. Starch content decreased following shoot emergence and declined until flower bud formation, at which time levels reached seasonal lows. Following bud initiation, levels of starch increased during flowering, and this trend continued through to plant senescence in late September or October. Sucrose was the predominant soluble sugar in roots and crowns of purple loosestrife, but fructose and glucose were detected. Levels of sucrose in roots and crowns followed the same seasonal trends as starch. |
| Title: The Biology and Management of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). |
| Author: Mullin, Barbra H. |
| Source: Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science APR 01 1998 v 12 n 397. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Field observations of non-target feeding by Galerucella calmariensis [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae], an ntroduced biological control agent of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae]. |
| Author: Corrigan,-J.E.; MacKenzie,-D.L.; Simser,-L. |
| Source: Proceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-Ontario [Proc.-Entomol.-Soc.-Ont.] 1998 vol. 129, pp. 99-106. |
| Source Type: Paper |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L., is a herbaceous wetland perennial native to Eurasia. It is an invasive species of temperate wetland ecosystems in North America. In 1992, three species of insect herbivores from Europe, including Galerucella calmariensis L. and G. pusilla Duftschmidt were released as classical biological control agents against purple loosestrife. Host range testing had shown that these species might attack native North American species, such as Lythrum alatum Pursh., and Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell., but review panels from the USDA and Agriculture Canada concluded that the benefits of controlling purple loosestrife outweighed potential risks to non-target plant species. The Royal Botanical Garden (RBG) properties are the site of 1993 releases of both imported Galerucella species. Extremely large populations of beetles (>500 egg masses/m super(2)) can now be found near the release areas. In late May 1998, feeding by adult G. calmariensis was observed on D. verticillatus cuttings growing outdoors at a RBG nursery. As well, egg masses of G. calmariensis were taken from L. alatum at RBG and were reared to adults on this host plant. Following these observations, all three plant species were monitored for attack through the first and second generation of the Galerucella beetles. Purple loosestrife plants sustained moderate to total defoliation in all areas monitored at RBG. L. alatum and D. verticillatus were only slightly affected by feeding activities of Galerucella beetles. Several plants of each non-target species sustained slight adult feeding damage and about 15 egg masses were found on the several hundred plants observed through the summer. No late-instar larvae were observed to develop on these plants in the field. We believe that non-target feeding by G. calmariensis represented a short-term "spill-over" effect, but further studies are required to evaluate this phenomenon more rigorously. |
| Title: Field observations of non-target feeding by Galerucella calmariensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an introduced biological control agent of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). |
| Author: Corrigan-J-E {a}; MacKenzie-D-L {a}; Simser-L. |
| Source: Proceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-Ontario. Dec., 1998; 129 (0): 99-106. |
| Source Type: Paper |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L., is a herbaceous wetland perennial native to Eurasia. It is an invasive species of temperate wetland ecosystems in North America. In 1992, three species of insect herbivores from Europe, including Galerucella calmariensis L. and G. pusilla Duftschmidt were released as classical biological control agents against purple loosestrife. Host range testing had shown that these species might attack native North American species, such as Lythrum alatum Pursh., and Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell., but review panels from the USDA and Agriculture Canada concluded that the benefits of controlling purple loosestrife outweighed potential risks to non-target plant species. The Royal Botanical Garden (RBG) properties are the site of 1993 releases of both important Galerucella species. Extremely large populations of beetles (>500 egg masses/m2) can now be found near the release areas. In late May 1998, feeding by adult G. calmariensis was observedon D. verticillatus cuttings growing outdoors at a RBG nursery. As well, egg masses of G. calmariensis were taken from L. alatum at RBG and were reared to adults on this host plant. Following these observations, all three plant species were monitored for attack through the first and second generation of the Galerucella beetles. Purple loosestrife plants sustained moderate to total defoliation in all areas monitored at RBG. L. alatum and D. verticillatus were only slightly affected by feeding activities of Galerucella beetles. Several plants of each non-target species sustained slight adult feeding damage and about 15 egg masses were found on the several hundred plants observed through the summer. No late-instar larvae were observed to develop on these plants in the field. We believe that non-target feeding by G. calmariensis represented a short-term "spill-over" effect, but further studies are required to evaluate this phenomenon more rigorously. |
| Title: Effects of shoot apex removal in Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae): Assessment the costs of reproduction and apical dominance. |
| Author: Venecz-Judith-I; Aarssen-Lonnie-W. |
| Source: Annales-Botanici-Fennici June 30, 1998; 35 (2) 101-111. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: The effects of shoot apex removal may be used to evaluate the cost of apical dominance and the cost of reproduction in plants. Plants that have shoot apices removed may have lateral meristems released from apical dominance and thus, may out-yield undamaged plants (i.e. overcompensate) either in the year of damage, or in the subsequent growing season, reflecting the cost of leaving apical dominance intact. Shoot apex removal may also reduce or prevent reproduction (undercompensation) in the year of damage, leaving more resources stored and available for greater reproduction (overcompensation) in the subsequent season relative to undamaged plants (reflecting the cost of reproduction for undamaged plants in the previous season). These hypotheses were tested using Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) as a study species. The effects of pre-flower (early), post-flower (late), and all-season shoot apex removal were recorded in L. salicaria within a natural population. Clipped plants were shorter and more branched than unclipped plants, but failed to outperform unclipped plants (in terms of biomass or reproduction) in either the year of treatment or the subsequent year, indicating no evidence for either a cost of apical dominance or a cost of reproduction in this species. Mean seed mass, however, was greater in pre-flower clipped plants compared with unclipped plants in the year of treatment. The interpretation of these results may involve effects of reduced attractiveness to pollinators (and hence reduced fertilization and seed set) in shorter (clipped) plants. The cost of reproduction may be negligible due to in situ photosynthesis of reproductive structures and enhancement of vegetative photosynthesis during reproduction, as reported for other species. |
| Title: Quantitative evaluation of stigma polymorphisms in a tristylous weed, Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). |
| Author: Hermann-Brian-P; Mal-Tarun-K; Williams-Russel-J; Dollahan-Norman-R. |
| Source: American-Journal-of-Botany. June, 1998; 85 (6) 9-10. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Meeting of the Botanical Society of America, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, August 2-6, |
| Title: Impact of Triclopyr Amine on Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and a Step toward Integrated Management of Purple Loosestrife Lythrum salicaria L. |
| Author: Lindgren, Cory John Gabor, T. Shane Murkin, Henry R. |
| Source: Biological control : theory and applications in MAY 01 1998 v 12 n 1 14. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Developmental aspects of tristyly in Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Mal, T.K. |
| Source: Canadian journal of botany. journal canadien de JUL 01 1998 v 76 n 7 1214. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The implications of accepting untested hypotheses: A review of the effects of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North America. |
| Author: Hager-Heather-A {a}; McCoy-Karen-D. |
| Source: Biodiversity-and-Conservation. Aug., 1998; 7 (8) 1069-1079. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: The acceptance of poorly tested hypotheses has adverse scientific consequences, and may have adverse ecological and social consequences. The hypothesis that purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) has deleterious effects on North American wetlands is an example. We traced the history of purple loosestrife and its control in North America and found little scientific evidence consistent with the hypothesis that purple loosestrife has deleterious effects. The most commonly cited study of the effects of purple loosestrife on native flora and fauna produced inconclusive results. The general acceptance of this hypothesis, however, has resulted in the introduction of nonindigenous insects for biological control. Efforts to control purple loosestrife may be misplayed and may have long-term ecological consequences if loosestrife does not have the impact it is believed to have. The acceptance of this hypothesis using scientific justifications may affect future scientific credibility. Careful evaluation of the precautionary principle is necessary when considering the control of nonindigenous organisms. |
| Title: The impact of an invasive species (Lythrum salicaria) on seed set and pollinator visitation rate in a native Lythrum (L. alatum). |
| Author: Brown-Beverly-J {a}; Mitchell-Randall-J. |
| Source: American-Journal-of-Botany. June, 1998; 85 (6) 30. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Meeting of the Botanical Society of America, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, August 2-6, 1998English |
| Title: Oviposition Site Preferences of Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla. Biological Control Agents of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). |
| Author: Lindgren, Cory John. |
| Source: Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science OCT 01 1997 v 11 n 4 824 |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Insects associated with purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L., in southern Manitoba. |
| Author: Diehl, J.K. Holliday, N.J. Roughley, R.E. |
| Source: The canadian entomologist. SEP 01 1997 v 129 n 5 937. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Oviposition site preferences of Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla, biological control agents of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). |
| Author: Lindgren-Cory-John {a}. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. Oct.-Dec., 1997; 11 (4) 824-827. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Oviposition site preferences for Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla, biological weed control agents against purple loosestrife, were examined in 1994 and 1995. The leaves, stems, axils, and flower buds (G. pusilla did not oviposit on flower buds) were found to be the preferred oviposition sites. Oviposited egg masses may be used as a parameter within a biological control monitoring plan, providing information on Galerucella establishment and/or presence, estimating future population size, and providing biological control agent dispersal information. Monitoring for egg masses should concentrate on host plant leaves, where over 56% of all egg masses were oviposited. |
| Title: Effect of soil moisture and fertilizer application on clonal growth and reproduction in a tristylous weed, Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Mal, Tarun K. Lovett-Doust, Jon Lovett-Doust, Lesley. |
| Source: Journal Info Canadian journal of botany. Journal canadien de JAN 01 1997 v 75 n 1 46 Summary. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Natural selection on genetically correlated phenological characters in Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae). |
| Author: O'-Neil-Pamela. |
| Source: Evolution-. 1997; 51 (1) 267-274. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Natural Selection on Genetically Correlated Phenological Characteristics in Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae). |
| Author: O'Neil, Pamela. |
| Source: Evolution. FEB 01 1997 v 51 n 1 267. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Floral variation in a heterostylous colonizing weed, Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Mal-Tapun-K {a}; Lovett-Doust-Jon. |
| Source: Bulletin-of-the-Ecological-Society-of-America. 1997; 78 (4 SUPPL.) 137.1997. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America held jointly with the Nature Conservancy on Changing Ecosystems: Natural and Human Influences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, August 10-14, 1997 |
| Title: Time-dependent competitive displacement of Typha angustifolia by Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Mal, T. K. Lovett-Doust, J. Lovett-Doust, L. |
| Source: Oikos : a journal of ecology. MAY 01 1997 v 79 n 1 26. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Adventitious Root Production and Survival of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Shoot Sections. |
| Author: Brown, B.J. Wickstrom, C.E. |
| Source: Ohio journal of science. MAR 01 1997 v 97 n 1 2. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Phenology of an Established Population of Galerucella calmariensis (L.) and G. pusilla (Duft.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Purple Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) in Southwest Virginia. |
| Author: McAvoy, T. J. Kok, L. T. Mays, W. T. |
| Source: Biological control : theory and applications in JUN 01 1997 v 9 n 2 106. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Phenology of an established population of Galerucella calmariensis (L.) and G. pusilla (Duft.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae), in Southwest Virginia. |
| Author: McAvoy-T-J; Kok-L-T; Mays-W-T. |
| Source: Biological-Control. 1997; 9 (2) 106-111. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Two beetles Galerucelia calmariensis and G. pusilla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were introduced into Virginia for biological control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). From initial releases of each species made in 1992 in Coeburn, Virginia, the beetles have been recovered for 3 consecutive years and are well established at the release site. Dispersal, as measured by the area covered by the beetles, has been slow; the area with Galerucella spp. increased from 92 m-2 in 1993 to 414 m-2 in 1995. The proportion of purple loosestrife plants with one or more life stages of the beetles increased from 43% in 1993 to 67% in 1995. Both beetle species have one generation per year. Overwintering adults and eggs are found in early May, followed by larvae in late May through mid June. The F-1 adults emerge and feed briefly in late June and early July before going into diapause. |
| Title: Morphological and Anatomical Responses of Lythrum salicaria L. (Purple Loosestrife) to an Imposed Water Gradient. |
| Author: Stevens, K.J. Peterson, R.L. Stephenson, G.R. |
| Source: International journal of plant sciences. MAR 01 1997 v 158 n 2 172. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Morph frequencies and floral variation in a heterostylous colonizing weed, Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Mal-Tarun-K; Lovett-Doust-Jon. |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Botany. 1997; 75 (7) 1034-1045. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) is an exotic weed that arrived in North America from Europe during the early 1800s. It is a herbaceous perennial with a trimorphic breeding system. Seventy-four populations of L. salicaria were surveyed from Windsor, Ontario, to the Gaspe Peninsula in Quebec. Fifty of the populations were significantly anisoplethic (i.e., unequal frequencies of the three flower morphs), including 10 populations that were nontrimorphic. Populations with fewer than 100 plants tended to have one or even two morphs missing. Although larger populations rarely lacked a morph, they did show significantly skewed morph frequencies. Indices of clonal size, such as number of ramets per genet and genet diameter, differed significantly among sites, and clonal growth also showed significant interaction between morph and site. One-way analyses of variance indicated that morphs differed in terms of either number of ramets per genet or genet diameter in 16% of populations. Morphometric analyses of flowers from 49 populations showed significant variability in floral traits among genets, flower morphs, and sites. Results indicated frequent reduction in herkogamy (spatial separation between anther and stigma), with variant flowers having very little or no stigma- anther separation. Mean stigma-anther separation was lowest in the mid-morph individuals, followed by the short and long morphs. Correspondingly, the frequency of variant flowers was greatest in mid-morph individuals and least in long-morph individuals. Isoplethic and anisoplethic populations did not differ, for any morph, in the frequency of occurrence of these variant flowers. |
| Title: Effect of flooding on two biological control agents (Galerucella pusilla and G. calmariensis: Chrysomelidae) of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.). |
| Author: Schooler-Shon-S. |
| Source: Bulletin-of-the-Ecological-Society-of-America. 1997; 78 (4 SUPPL.) 309.1997. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America held jointly with the Nature Conservancy on Changing Ecosystems: Natural and Human Influences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, August 10-14, 1997 |
| Title: Vegetative propagation and the tissues involved in lateral spread of Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Stevens, K.J. Peterson, R.L. Stephenson, G.R. |
| Source: Aquatic botany. FEB 01 1997 v 56 n 1 11. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Decomposition rates of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and Lyngbyei's sedge (Carex lyngbyei) in the Fraser River Estuary. |
| Author: Grout-Jeff-A; Levings-Colin-D {a}; Richardson-John-S. |
| Source: Estuaries-. 1997; 20 (1) 96-102. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Using litter bag experiments in the Fraser River estuary in British Columbia, we tested for differences in the relative decomposition rates between leaves of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an introduced exotic and a native sedge (Carex lyngbyei). The difference in the mean decay rate coefficient for the two species was significantly different (p lt 0.01) and the coefficient for purple loosestrife (0.01 10 d-1) was nearly four times higher than for Lyngbyei's sedge (0.0028 d-1). This is the first estimate of the decay rate coefficient for purple loosestrife from an estuary. The rapid decay rate of loosestrife leaves suggests that they supply detritus to the ecosystem in autumn whereas the much slower decay rate of sedge implies that it supplies detritus throughout the winter and early spring. Consumer organisms important in juvenile salmon food webs appear to be adapted to take advantage of the detritus provided in these seasons. The findings have implications for habitat management because purple loosestrife has recently invaded estuaries of the northeast Pacific and may be outcompeting native sedges important in detrital-based food webs. |
| Title: Decomposition Rates of Purple Loosestrefe (Lythrum salicaria) and Lyngbyei's Sedge (Carex lyngbyei) in the Fraser river Estuary. |
| Author: Grout, Jeff A. Levings, Colin D. Richardson, John S. |
| Source: Estuaries. MAR 01 1997 v 20 n 1 96 |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Adventitous root production and survival of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) shoot sections. |
| Author: Brown-Beverly-J; Wickstrom-Conrad-E. |
| Source: Ohio-Journal-of-Science. 1997; 97 (1) 2-4. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria, notorious for successful wetland invasions, is a target of control measures including methods which produce shoot fragments. We document rejuvenation of purple loosestrife shoot sections and discuss the potential for vegetative reproduction through these fragments. Cut shoots (5, 10, and 15 cm long) were maintained in a greenhouse for four weeks. Approximately 80% of the shoots survived with production of adventitious roots and lateral shoots. Quantitative production of root biomass and lateral shoots was dependent on shoot length. Survival was not dependent on shoot length. Survival was greater among plants from drier habitats (100%) than from wetter soils (53%) and could not be predicted by pigmentation changes or necrosis. From a management perspective, fragment removal must follow mechanical eradication attempts in order to eliminate these vegetative propagules and prevent incidental recolonization. |
| Title: Genetic Drift and Founder Effect in Native versus Introduced Populations of an Invading Plant, Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). |
| Author: Eckert, Christopher G. Manicacci, Domenica Barrett, Spencer C. H. |
| Source: Evolution. AUG 01 1996 v 50 n 4 1512 Summary. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Geratology and decomposition of Typha latifolia and lythrum salicaria in a freshwater marsh. |
| Author: Barlocher-Felix {a}; Biddiscombe-Nicole-R. |
| Source: Archiv-fuer-Hydrobiologie. 1996; 136 (3) 309-325. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Growth, senescence, detachment and decomposition of leaves were studied in Typha latifolia and Lythrum salicaria in a freshwater marsh at 45 degree 53'N, 64 degree 20'W. Maximum plant height and number of leaves were reached by the middle of July in T. latifolia; both continued to increase until the middle of August in L. salicaria. Senescence started earlier in T. latifolia. By the end of September (end of growing season), 73% of the current year's crop of leaves of T. latifolia, and 82% of the leaves of L. salicaria were still attached to the stem. Of these, 77% (T. latifolia) and 75% (L. salicaria) were dead. Subsequently, leaf detachment in L. salicaria followed an exponential decay curve, and by December 13, only 7.8% remained. T. latifolia did not lose any leaves in the same period. In both plants, leaf decomposition was therefore largely initiated in the aerial phase. Decomposition and fungal colonization (based on ergosterol concentrations) were followed in dried leaves or leaf sections in litterbags, which were submerged (T. latifolia) or placed on the ground (L. salicaria), and in tagged leaves decaying while still attached to the stem. Leaching (estimated by loss of mass, phenolics and carbohydrates after one week's exposure) was generally higher in litterbag leaves than in tagged leaves (5 out of 7 comparisons), as were losses of mass over the entire experimental period of 12 weeks. Maximum ergosterol concentrations were six times higher in naturally decaying T. latifolia leaves than in litterbag leaves; on L. salicaria leaves the differential was 60%. Maximum fungal biomass was estimated to account for 1.2-1.6% (L. salicaria) or 3.6-5.4% (T. latifolia) of the organic mass of decaying leaves. We conclude that using predried leaves in litterbags overestimates leaching and underestimates the fungal contribution to the decomposition of emergent macrophytes. |
| Title: Isozyme characterization of genetic diversity in Minnesota populations of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). |
| Author: Strefeler, Mark S. Darmo, Elizabeth Katovich, Elizabeth J. |
| Source: American journal of botany. MAR 01 1996 v 83 n 3 265. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: XX |
| Author: Piper, G.L. |
| Source: Hydrobiologia. DEC 06 1996 v 340 n 1 / 3. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Impact of Galerucella pusilla and G. calmariensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on field populations of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). |
| Author: Blossey-Bernd. |
| Source: Biological control of weeds. 1996; : 27-31. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Delfosse-E-S; Scott-R-R: Eds CSIRO Publications, 314 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1996 VIII International Symposium, Canterbury, New Zealand, February 2-7, 1992 English 199799764763 |
| Title: Decomposition rates and phosphorus concentrations of purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and Cattail (Typha spp.) in fourteen Minnesota wetlands. |
| Author: Emery, S.L. Perry, J.A. |
| Source: Hydrobiologia. APR 26 1996 v 323 n 2 129. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Frequency-dependent selection on morph ratios in tristylous Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). |
| Author: Eckert, Christopher G. Manicacci, Domenica Barrett, Spencer C.H. |
| Source: Heredity; an international journal of genetics DEC 01 1996 v 77 p 6 581. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Frequency-dependent selection on morph ratios in tristylous Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae). |
| Author: Eckert-Christopher-G {a}; Manicacci-Domenica; Barrett-Spencer-C-H. |
| Source: Heredity-. 1996; 77 (6) 581-588. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: In the plant sexual polymorphism tristyly, disassortative mating among floral morphs should result in frequency-dependent selection leading to equal frequencies of the three morphs in populations at equilibrium. Direct evidence for frequency-dependent selection in natural populations is, however, lacking. Here we attempt to detect frequency-dependent selection in rapidly expanding populations of the invasive wetland herb Lythrum salicaria. Deterministic computer models were used to assess the expected change in morph ratios. Model results were tested with data from 24 Ontario populations each with an initially low frequency ( lt 0.11) of one morph sampled over a 5-year interval. On average, morph evenness and the frequency of the rare morph increased significantly between samples (mean frequency change = +0.034; range = -0.045 to +0.278). As predicted by the theoretical model, changes in both morph evenness and the frequency of the rare morph were positively correlated with initial morph frequencies. However, no evidence was obtained for expected correlations with the magnitude of the 5-year increase in population size. The results provide the first empirical demonstration of frequency-dependent selection on morph ratios in natural populations of a heterostylous plant. |
| Title: Biological control of the wetlands weed purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in the Pacific northwestern United States. |
| Author: Piper-G-L. |
| Source: Hydrobiologia-. 1996; 340 (1-3) 291-294. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is an Eurasian perennial hydrophyte that has become naturalized in wetlands and in and along waterways throughout temperate North America. The ecological integrity of such areas is threatened by rapidly forming monotypic infestations that displace valued flora and diminish critical fish and wildlife habitat. The inability of physical, cultural, and chemical methods to provide adequate control of the weed has led to the development of an insect-based biological control program. The first field releases of the bud and leaf feeding beetles, Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla, and a root-mining weevil, Hylobius transversovittatus, were made in the United States and Canada in 1992. A total of 4740 Galerucella spp. adults were released in central Washington during 1992 and 1993 at eight sites and 471 H. transversovittatus egg inoculations were made in 1993 at three locations. Establishment of both Galerucella spp. was confirmed and Hylobius colonization was achieved. |
| Title: Influence of Nontarget Neighbors and Spray Volume on Retention and Efficacy of Triclopyr in Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). |
| Author: XX |
| Source: Weed science. JAN 01 1996 v 44 n 1 143. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Population Structure and Morph-Specific Fitness Differences in Tristylous Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Agren, Jon Ericson, Lars. |
| Source: Evolution. FEB 01 1996 v 50 n 1 126. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Population size, pollinator limitation, and seed set in the self-incompatible herb Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Agren-Jon. |
| Source: Ecology-Washington-D-C. 1996; 77 (6) 1779-1790. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: In reward-producing animal-pollinated plants, small populations are likely to be less attractive to pollinators than large populations. The likelihood of pollinator limitation of seed production should therefore increase with decreasing population size. I documented the number of flowering plants and plant fecundity in 18 populations of the self-incompatible, tristylous herb Lythrum salicaria within an archipelago in northern Sweden in two consecutive years. To test the hypothesis that a positive correlation between population size and seed set is due to a higher degree of pollinator limitation in small than in large populations, I performed supplemental hand-pollinations in eight (1993) and 13 (1994) of the study populations. To test the hypothesis that common mating types are more likely than rare types to experience inadequate pollination, I compared the natural level of seed production and the effect of supplemental pollination in different style morphs in the five populations in which gtoreq 10 plants per morph were included in the experiment. There was no significant correlation between population size and plant size in terms of number of floral shoots or number of flower-producing leaf nodes per shoot. However, there was a positive relationship between population size and seed production per flower and between population size and total seed number per plant. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between population size and seed production of flowers that had received supplemental pollination. In both years, the difference in mean seed production per flower between hand-pollinated flowers and controls decreased with increasing population size. In two of five populations, the effect of supplemental pollination differed significantly among morphs. Seed production was more likely to be pollinator limited in long-styled than in short-styled plants, but this difference could not be attributed to a preponderance of the long-styled morph in the studied populations. Results of the supplemental hand pollinations indicate that the positive correlation between population size and seed production is a function of insufficient pollen transfer in small populations. Additional demographic studies are needed to determine to what extent the reduced level of seed production in small populations limits the growth of young populations, and to what extent it may threaten the local persistence of L. salicaria. |
| Title: Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North America: The problem: The solution: A long-term strategy for biological control. |
| Author: Hight-Stephen-D {a}; Malecki-Richard-A. |
| Source: Biological control of weeds. 1996; : 43. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Delfosse-E-S; Scott-R-R: Eds CSIRO Publications, 314 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1996VIII International Symposium, Canterbury, New Zealand, February 2-7, 1992English 199799764767 |
| Title: The effect of a water gradient on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal status of Lythrum salicaria L. (purple loosestrife). |
| Author: Stevens-Kevin-J; Peterson-R-Larry {a}. |
| Source: Mycorrhiza-. 1996; 6 (2) 99-104. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The mycorrhizal status of Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae) was assessed under growth room and field conditions. Growth room studies indicated that L. salicaria is facultatively mycorrhizal and capable of forming vesicular-arbuscular associations with six Glomus species, but not with Gigaspora margarita. Overall, hyphal and arbuscular colonization levels were significantly higher in the wet treatments than in the dry treatments (P lt 0.0001). However, taken individually, significant increases in arbuscular colonization (P lt 0.05) were found only in L. salicaria colonized with Glomus clarum, G. aggregatum, and G. versiforme and exposed to the wet treatments compared with the dry treatments, while significant increases in hyphal colonization were found in L. salicaria colonized with G. clarum, and G. versiforme exposed to the wet treatments. There was no overall effect of water availability on levels of vesicular colonization or differences in vesicular colonization levels within species under dry or wet conditions. In contrast, field studies along an existing water gradient revealed that hyphal and arbuscular colonization levels were significantly higher (P lt 0.05) in the dry and intermediate regions of the gradient than in the wet regions. Vesicular colonization was not significantly affected by the gradient. Total stem height was significantly affected by water availability, plot location and an interaction of the two (P lt 0.05), and was generally higher in the intermediate and wet plots. |
| Title: Host Specificity of Three Potential Biological Weed Control Agents Attacking Flowers and Seeds of Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife). |
| Author: Schroeder, Dieter Blossey, Bernd. |
| Source: Biological control : theory and applications in MAR 01 1995 v 5 n 1 47. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Host Specificity of Three Potential Biological Weed Control Agents: Attacking Flowers and Seeds of Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife). |
| Author: Blossey-Bernd {a}; Schroeder-Dieter. |
| Source: Biological-Control. 1995; 5 (1) 47-53. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Lythrum salicaria is a Eurasian herbaceous perennial that has become a serious invader of wetlands in the United States and Canada. Dense monospecific stands replace a diverse native flora resulting in the degradation of these wetland habitats. There are presently no satisfactory means of control. Biological control offers the most promising method of resolving this problem. A root-mining weevil and two leaf-feeding chrysomelids from Europe were released in North America in 1992. The host specificity of three additional flower- and seed-feeding species was investigated. The two weevils, Nanophyes marmoratus and N. brevis, have a wide geographic and ecological range. Both develop exclusively on Lythrum salicaria within its native European range and were found to be highly host specific during screening tests. Minor adult feeding was observed in no-choice tests on a few other species within the Lythraceae. Successful larval development was restricted to purple loosestrife. The only known field host of the third species, the gall midge Bayeriola salicariae, is purple loosestrife. Oviposition and successful larval development of B. salicariae in cages and the open field occurred on potted test plants of another three Lythrum species. The introduction of N. marmoratus and N. brevis into North America is expected to further reduce seed output and lessen the competitive ability of purple loosestrife. Their introduction was approved in 1994. |
| Title: Establishment of Insect Biological Control Agents from Europe Against Lythrum salicaria in North America. |
| Author: Hight, Stephen D. Blossey, Bernd Declerck-Floate, Rosemarie. |
| Source: Environmental entomology. AUG 01 1995 v 24 n 4 967. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Fungi associated with purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in Minnesota. |
| Author: Nyvall, R. F. |
| Source: Mycologia. JUL 01 1995 v 87 n 4 501. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Style morph frequencies in Minnesota populations of Lythrum (Lythraceae). II. Tristylous L. salicaria. |
| Author: Anderson, N.O. Ascher, P.D. |
| Source: Sexual plant reproduction. 1995 v 8 n 2 105. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Potential of Myzus lythri (Homoptera: Aphididae) to influence growth and development of Lythrum salicaria (Myrtiflorae: Lythraceae). |
| Author: Voegtlin-David-J. |
| Source: Environmental-Entomology. 1995; 24 (3) 724-729. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The host-alternating life cycle of Myzus lythri, an aphid of European origin that feeds on purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), is detailed. The complex life cycle and low availability of primary host plants are hypothesized as limiting early-season development of aphid populations on purple loosestrife. Experiments were undertaken in 1993 to determine if large populations of this aphid could influence the growth and development of purple loosestrife. Two-year plants each inoculated with five aphids showed significantly lower root and shoot weight after a 7-wk period as compared with matched controls. Over half of 20 seedlings (3 mo old) inoculated with two or five M. lythri were dead or clearly dying 11 wk after inoculation. Mass rearing for early-spring release and planting primary hosts are possible methods to augment the potential of this aphid to function as a biological control agent for purple loosestrife. |
| Title: A Comparison of Various Approaches for Evaluating Potential Biological Control Agents Using Insects on Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Blossey, Bernd. |
| Source: Biological control : theory and applications in JUN 01 1995 v 5 n 2 113 1049-9644. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Aboveground biomass and phosphorus concentrations of Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) and Typha spp. (Cattail) in 12 Minnesota wetlands. |
| Author: Emery-Sarah-L {a}; Perry-James-A. |
| Source: American-Midland-Naturalist. 1995; 134 (2) 394-399. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: We measured standing crop biomass and plant phosphorus concentration of Lythrum saliraia (purple loosestrife) and Typha spp. (cattails) in 12 Et central Minnesota wetlands. We wanted to determine if significant changes in plant biomass or phosphorus concentration occur due to displacement of native vegetation by L. salicaria. Significant changes associated with plant conversion imply potential alteration of important wetland functions, including productivity and phosphorus cycling. Our results indicate that Typha has significantly greater standing crop biomass (P lt 0.01) and that L. salicaria has significant greater plant phosphorus concentration (P lt 0.001). However, we found no significant difference (P gt 0.1) between the two populations in phosphorus concentration per unit area (g P.m-2). Our results are inconclusive regarding potential impacts to whole-wetland phosphorus cycling. However, we have developed the requisite background descriptive database for experimental work on alteration of wetland functions associated with invasion of Lythrum salicaria. |
| Title: Aboveground Biomass and Phosphorus Concentrations of Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife) and Typha spp (Cattail) in 12 Minnesota Wetlands. |
| Author: Emery, Sarah L. Perry, James A. |
| Source: The american midland naturalist. OCT 01 1995 v 134 n 2. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Interactions Between Lythrum salicaria and Native Organisms: A Critical Review. |
| Author: Anderson, Mark G. |
| Source: Environmental management. MAR 01 1995 v 19 n 2 225. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Potential of Myzus lythri (Homoptera: Aphididae) To Influence Growth and Development of Lythrum salicaria. (Myrtiflorae: Lythraceae). |
| Author: Voegtlin, David J. |
| Source: Environmental entomology. JUN 01 1995 v 24 n 3 724. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Host specificity and environmental impact of two leaf beetles (Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla) for biological control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). |
| Author: Blossey-Bernd {a}; Schroeder-Dieter; Hight-Stephen-D; Malecki-Richard-A. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1994; 42 (1) 134-140. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Many prime wetlands in North America have been degraded following encroachment by the exotic plant purple loosestrife. Conventional methods are unsuccessful in providing long-term control. Host specificity studies demonstrated the suitability of two leaf beetles, Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla, as biological weed control agents. Adults oviposited only on plants within the genus Lythrum. The only species other than purple loosestrife where adult feeding and oviposition occurred and that supported successful larval development was winged lythrum. Swamp loosestrife and winged lythrum may be vulnerable to limited attack by newly emerged teneral adults. Evaluation of the potential environmental impact of the two leaf beetles showed that benefits of an introduction outweigh potential risks to winged lythrum or swamp loosestrife. Their field release was approved in 1992. |
| Title: Genetic incompatibility and offspring quality in the tristylous plant Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: O'Neil, Pamela. |
| Source: American journal of botany. JAN 01 1994 v 81 n 1 76. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Genetic incompatibility and offspring quality in the tristylous plant Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). |
| Author: O'-Neil-Pamela. |
| Source: American-Journal-of-Botany. 1994; 81 (1) 76-84. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the incompatibility relationships among the three different morphs of the tristylous plant Lythrum salicaria, and to assess whether there are fitness consequences to breakdown in incompatibility. Twenty-four different types of pollinations were performed using all possible combinations of anthers and stigmas. These can be grouped as legitimate pollinations (pollinations from the appropriate anther level of a compatible morph), illegitimate intermorph pollinations (pollinations from the inappropriate anther level of a compatible morph), intramorph pollinations (pollinations between individuals of the same morph), and self pollinations. Legitimate pollinations produced significantly more seed than illegitimate intermorph pollinations, intramorph pollinations, and self pollinations. The difference between legitimate and illegitimate intermorph pollination success is particularly interesting because pollen for these crosses came from the same genetic individual. Pollination types also differed in offspring quality. In the rare examples where progeny were produced by illegitimate intermorph pollinations, the progeny did not have significantly lower values for seedling growth traits compared to legitimate progeny. Seedlings produced by self pollinations had significantly lower values for four out of six seedling growth traits measured. Comparisons of legitimate and self progeny traits indicate that inbreeding depression for most traits is close to or above 0.5. The finding that some seed were produced from illegitimate pollinations suggests that there is variation among individuals in incompatibility. There was a significant effect of parental morph type on the probability of breakdown in incompatibility with the midstyled maternal parents setting more seed from illegitimate pollinations. |
| Title: Host Specificity and Environmental Impact of the Weevil Hylobius transversovittatus, A Biological Control Agent of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum Salicaria). |
| Author: Blossey, Bernd Schroeder, Dieter Hight, Stephen D. |
| Source: Weed science. JAN 01 1994 v 42 n 1 128. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Host Specificity and Environmental Impact of Two Leaf Beetles (Galerucella calmariensis and G.pusilla)for Biological Control of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). |
| Author: Blossey, Bernd Schroeder, Dieter Hight, Stephen D. |
| Source: Weed science. JAN 01 1994 v 42 n 1 134. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Host specificity and environmental impact on the weevil Hylobius ansversovittatus, a biological control agent of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). |
| Author: Blossey-Bernd; Schroeder-Dieter; Hight-Stephen-D; Malecki-Richard-A. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1994; 42 (1) 128-133. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Introduction of purple loosestrife into North America and its spread into wetlands has led to the degradation of these important habitats for wildlife. Conventional control efforts are unsuccessful in providing long-term control. A classical biological control program offers the best chance for reducing the numbers of this invasive plant and improving regeneration of the native flora and fauna. European studies demonstrated that the root boring weevil Hylobius transversovittatus is highly host specific to the target weed. Attack of two test plant species (winged lythrum and swamp loosestrife) during host range screening was most likely due to artificial test conditions. An environmental assessment of the potential effects of the release of the purple loosestrife borer in North America indicated that benefits outweigh any potential negative impact Therefore its field release was approved in 1992. |
| Title: Biological control of the wetlands weed purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in the Pacific northwestern United States 9. |
| Author: Piper,-G.L. |
| Source: Int. Symp. on Aquatic Weeds: Management and Ecology of Freshwater Plants, Dublin (Ireland), 1994. HYDROBIOLOGIA 1996 vol. 340, no. 1-3, pp. 291-294. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is an Eurasian perennial hydrophyte that has become naturalized in wetlands and in and along waterways throughout temperate North America. The ecological integrity of such areas is threatened by rapidly forming monotypic infestations that displace valued flora and diminish critical fish and wildlife habitat. The inability of physical, cultural, and chemical methods to provide adequate control of the weed has led to the development of an insect-based biological control program. The first field releases of the bud and leaf feeding beetles, Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla, and a root-mining weevil, Hylobius transversovittatus, were made in the United States and Canada in 1992. A total of 4740 Galerucella spp. adults were released in central Washington during 1992 and 1993 at eight sites and 471 H. transversovittatus egg inoculation were made in 1993 at three locations. Establishment of both Galerucella spp. was confirmed and Hylobius colonization was achieved. |
| Title: Suction Trap Records of Myzus lythri (Homoptera: Aphididae) Associated with Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Infestations in Idaho. |
| Author: Halbert, Susan E. Voegtlin, David J. |
| Source: Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science OCT 01 1994 v 8 n 4 794. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Unequal morph frequencies in populations of tristylous Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae) from southern Sweden. |
| Author: Anderson, Stefan. |
| Source: Heredity; an international journal of genetics JAN 01 1994 v 72 p 1 81. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Fertility of 'Morden Pink' Lythrum virgatum L. Transplanted into Wild Strads of L. salicaria L. in Maitoba. |
| Author: Lindgren, Cory J. Clay, Robert T. |
| Source: HortScience. SEP 01 1993 v 28 n 9 954. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Biological control of purple loosestrife. |
| Author: Malecki, R. A.; Blossey, B.; Hight, S. D.; Schroeder, D.; Kik, L. T. |
| Source: Bioscience 43:680-686; 1993. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Genetic Constraints on the Independent Evolution of Male and Female Reproductive Characters in the Tristylous Plant Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: O'Neil, Pamela Schmitt, Johanna. |
| Source: Evolution. OCT 01 1993 v 47 n 5 1457. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Some tests of film types for remote sensing of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria, at low densities. |
| Author: Frazier, Bruce E. Moore, Barry C. |
| Source: Wetlands : the journal of the society of the we SEP 01 1993 v 13 n 3 145. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: A design for a release and monitoring programme of biological control agents on purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria, in North America. |
| Author: Huso-Manuela-M-P; McEvoy-Peter-B. |
| Source: Biological control of weeds. 1996; : 53. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: Delfosse-E-S; Scott-R-R: Eds CSIRO Publications, 314 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1996VIII International Symposium, Canterbury, New Zealand, February 2-7, |
| Title: Variation in male and female reproductive success among floral morphs in the tristylous plant Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). |
| Author: O'Neil, Pamela. |
| Source: American journal of botany. SEP 01 1992 v 79 n 9 1024. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The biology of Canadian weeds. 100. Lythrum salicaria. |
| Author: Mai, T.K. Lovett-Doust, J. Lovett-Doust, L. |
| Source: Canadian journal of plant science. revue canadi OCT 01 1992 v 72 n 4 1305. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Host Specificity Tests of Galerucella calmariensis (L.) and G. pusilla (Duft.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Potential Biological Control Agents of Purple Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae). |
| Author: Kok, L.T. McAvoy, T.J. Coulson, J.R. |
| Source: Biological control : theory and applications in DEC 01 1992 v 2 n 4 282. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Stochastic loss of style morphs from populations of tristylous Lythrum salicaria and Decodon verticillatus (Lythraceae). |
| Author: Eckert,-C.G.; Barrett,-S.C.H. |
| Source: EVOLUTION. 1992. vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1014-1029. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: Morph frequencies were surveyed in 137 populations of Lythrum salicaria from both its native range in Europe (N = 35) and recent adventive range in Ontario (N = 102), and 133 populations of Decodon verticillatus from four regions in eastern North America with different glacial histories to assess these theoretical predictions. There was a negative relationship between morph loss and population size in both species; the relationship was weaker in D. verticillatus than in L. salicaria . Morph loss was more frequent in the adventive than native range of L. salicaria , and in populations of D. verticillatus from glaciated northern regions compared with the unglaciated southern portion of its range. Simulations incorporating variation in life history, regeneration strategy and mating patterns revealed that the degree of morph loss was strongly influenced by year to year survival, clonal propagation, self-fertilization and departures from disassortative mating. Comparing the pattern of morph frequency variation between species supported these predictions. |
| Title: Host Specificity Tests of Hylobius transversovittatus Goeze (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Potential Biological Control Agent of Purple Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythracae). |
| Author: Kok, L.T. McAvoy, T.J. Coulson, J.R. |
| Source: Biological control : theory and applications in MAR 01 1992 v 2 n 1 1. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Stochastic Loss of Style Morphs from Populations of Tristylous Lythrum salicaria and Decodon verticillatus (Lythraceae). |
| Author: Eckert, Christopher G. Barrett, Spencer C.H. |
| Source: Journal Info Evolution. AUG 01 1992 v 46 n 4 1014. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: History of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) biological control efforts. |
| Author: Thompson,-D.Q. |
| Source: NAT.-AREAS-J. 1991. vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 148-150. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: After a relatively slow beginning on the northeastern maritime coast, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) has spread across temperate North America to the Pacific Coast. It has displaced native wetland vegetation in pastures, marshes, and riparian meadows. Thus far, all methods of cultural, mechanical, and chemical control have proven unsatisfactory for widespread use in natural areas. An attempt to establish a biological control program in the late 1960s failed because there was not enough information to justify the cost of the program, and because regional interest was low in this weed, which was so well-established as to seem part of the natural setting. Subsequent research on purple loosestrife continued part-time and consisted of field surveys and literature searches to establish the background of the weed and its potential impact on native biota. |
| Title: Prospects for a Classical Biological Control Project Against Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.). |
| Author: Hight, Stephen D. |
| Source: Natural areas journal : a quarterly publication JUL 01 1991 v 11 n 3 151. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Prospects for a classical biological control project against purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.). |
| Author: Hight,-S.D.; Drea,-J.J.,Jr. |
| Source: NAT.-AREAS-J. 1991. vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 151-157. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria , was introduced into North America from Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The plant has progressively spread westward and now occurs throughout the northern half of the United States and southern Canada. It aggressively invades wetlands and displaces native vegetation. The high cost and transitory nature of various chemical and cultural control methods have led to the development of a classical biological control program against purple loosestrife. Research has shown that three phytophagous European insects - a weevil, Hylobius transversovittatus , and two leaf beetles, Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla - are very host-specific and highly damaging to the plant. These insects are being considered for release into North America in an attempt to control L. salicaria . If these insects are as effective as research indicates, the outlook for successful classical biological control against purple loosestrife is excellent. |
| Title: History of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) Biological control efforts. |
| Author: Thompson, D. Q. |
| Source: Natural Areas Journal 11:148-50; 1991. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Prospects for a classical biological control project against pur-ple loosestrife [L. salicaria (L.)]. |
| Author: Hight, S. D.; Drea, J. J. |
| Source: Natural Areas Journal 11:151-157; 1991. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1991 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Purple loosestrife; vegetation management guideline. |
| Author: Heidorn, R. |
| Source: Illinois Nature Preserves Commission 1(17); 1990. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1990 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Seed bank dynamics of Lythrum salicaria L.: Implications for control of this species in North America. |
| Author: Welling,-C.H.; Becker,-R.L. |
| Source: AQUAT.-BOT. 1990. vol. 38, no. 2-3, pp. 303-309. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1990 |
| Abstract: The seed bank of Lythrum salicaria was studied in wetlands of mid-continent North America where this Eurasian species is considered a nuisance. Recruitment under conditions chosen to promote high rates of germination did not exhaust the seed bank in a 1-cm deep layer of wetland soil in experimental flats. Emergence of seedlings from experimentally buried seed decreased linearly (P = 0.0001, R super(2) = 0.89) from 90% at the soil surface to 0% at 2 cm. In the wetlands studied, there were 410,000 L. salicaria) seeds/m super(2) in the top 5 cm of soil; 37% of these were found below a depth of 2 cm. The implications of these results for the control of this species are discussed. |
| Title: Contol and eradicaton of puple loosestrife. |
| Author: Minnesota DNR. |
| Source: Unpublished paper prepared by the purple loosestrife program, November 1987. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1987 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Spread, impact, and control of pur-ple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North American Wetlands. |
| Author: Thompson, D. Q.; Stuckey, R. L.; Thompson, E. B. |
| Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Research 2, Washington, D.C.; 1987. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1987 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Status and control of purple loosestrife in Wisconsin. |
| Author: Henderson, Richard. |
| Source: Research management findings, Number 4, Bureau of Research, Wisconsin DNR, Madison. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1987 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Lythrum salicaria: element stewardship abstract. |
| Author: Bender, J.; Rendall, J. |
| Source: The Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis; 1987. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1987 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: March 17. Assistant Manager, Horicon National Wildlife Refuge. |
| Author: Thrune, Bill. |
| Source: Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, MRO. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1986 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: March 17. Director, Botany Program. Illinois Dept. Conservation, Springfield 62706. |
| Author: Schwegman, John. |
| Source: Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, MRO. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1986 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Insects associated with purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) in Europe. |
| Author: Batra, S. W. T., D. Schroeder, P. E. Boldt, and W. Mendl. |
| Source: Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 88:748-459. |
| Source Type: Paper |
| Publication Date: 1986 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: March 18. Leader, Field Research Station, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado 80225. |
| Author: Jackson, Tom. |
| Source: Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, MRO. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1986 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Purple loosestrife Coalition. (612) 934-2333. |
| Author: Harper, Bonnie. |
| Source: Eden Prairie, MN. Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, MRO. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1986 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The spread and management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) in Horicon National Wildlife Refuge, Wisconsin. |
| Author: Notestein, Anne. |
| Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1986 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Ecology, distribution, and control of purple loosestrife in northwest Ohio. |
| Author: Balogh, Greg. |
| Source: Annual report from October 1984-September 1985. Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Ohio State University. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1985 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Stokes nature guides: a guide to enjoying wildflowers. |
| Author: Stokes, D.; Stokes, L. |
| Source: Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 222-229; 1985. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1985 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Marshland malady. |
| Author: Casebere, L. |
| Source: Outdoor Indiana. 49:14-19; 1984. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1984 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: A literature review of management practices for purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). |
| Author: Evans, J. E. |
| Source: The Nature Conservancy Midwest Regional Office, Minneapolis, 1-13; 1982. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1982 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The ecology and management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) in central New York. |
| Author: Rawinski, T. J. |
| Source: Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. Thesis. 1982. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1982 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North American wetlands. |
| Author: Thompson, D. Q. and R. L. Stuckey. |
| Source: Unpublished report. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1980 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Distributional history of Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) in North America. |
| Author: Stuckey, R. L. |
| Source: Bartonia 47:3-20. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1980 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Purple loosestrife: a need for concern. |
| Author: Malecki, R. A.; Rawinski, T. J. |
| Source: New York State Conservation Circular 17:1-5; 1979. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1979 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Purple loosestrife alert. |
| Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. |
| Source: American Bee Journal. 119:383; 1979. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1979 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Comparative eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. I. General biology, distribution, and germination. |
| Author: Shamsi, S. R. A. and F. H. Whitehead. |
| Source: J. Ecol. 62:279-290. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1974 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: An adaptable immigrant. |
| Author: Holweg, A. |
| Source: Conservationist 27:38; 1973. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1973 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Mechanical control of purple loosestrife. |
| Author: Novak, L. C. |
| Source: Report of Wildlife Management Study, Division of Refuges, Great Meadows, Massachusetts; 1968. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1968 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Experimental control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). |
| Author: Smith, R. H. |
| Source: New York Fish and Game Journal 11:35-46; 1964. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1964 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Some experiences with control of purple loosestrife at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge. |
| Author: Smith, L. S. |
| Source: Northeast Weed Control Conference 13:333-336; 1959. |
| Source Type: Paper |
| Publication Date: 1959 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Apreliminary report on the use of chemical herbicides to control purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) on a small marsh. |
| Author: McKeon, W. H. |
| Source: Northeast Weed Control Conference 13:329-332; 1959. |
| Source Type: Paper |
| Publication Date: 1959 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern U. S. and Adjacent Canada. |
| Author: Gleason, H. A. |
| Source: New York Botanical Garden, N. Y. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1957 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Gray's Manual of Botany. 8th ed. |
| Author: Fernald, M. L. |
| Source: American Book Company, N. Y. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1950 |
| Abstract: NA |
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