SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for: Poison hemlock
Species (scientific name): Conium maculatum
| Title: Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review. |
| Author: Lopez,-T.A.; Cid,-M.S.; Bianchini,-M.L. |
| Source: Toxicon 1999 vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 841-865. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: The literature on Conium maculatum biochemistry and toxicology, dispersed in a large number of scientific publications, has been put together in this review. C. maculatum is a weed known almost worldwide by its toxicity to many domestic animals and to human beings. It is an Umbelliferae, characterized by long, hollow stems, reaching up to 2 m height at maturity, producing a large amount of lush foliage during its vegetative growth. Its flowers are white, grouped in umbels formed by numerous umbellules. It produces a large number of seeds that allow the plant to form thick stands in modified soils, sometimes encroaching on cultivated fields, to the extent of impeding the growth of any other vegetation inside the C. maculatum area of growth. Eight piperidinic alkaloids have been identified in this species. Two of them, gamma -coniceine and coniine are generally the most abundant and they account for most of the plant acute and chronic toxicity. These alkaloids are synthesized by the plant from eight acetate units from the metabolic pool, forming a polyketoacid which cyclises through an aminotransferase and forms gamma -coniceine as the parent alkaloid via reduction by a NADPH-dependent reductase. The acute toxicity is observed when animals ingest C. maculatum vegetative and flowering plants and seeds. In a short time the alkaloids produce a neuromuscular blockage conducive to death when the respiratory muscles are affected. The chronic toxicity affects only pregnant animals. When they are poisoned by C. maculatum during the fetuses organ formation period, the offspring is born with malformations, mainly palatoschisis and multiple congenital contractures (MCC; frequently described as arthrogryposis). Acute toxicity, if not lethal, may resolve in the spontaneous recovery of the affected animals provided further exposure to C. maculatum is avoided. It has been observed that poisoned animals tend to return to feed on this plant. Chronic toxicity is irreversible and although MCC can be surgically corrected in some cases, most of the malformed animals are lost. Since no specific antidote is available, prevention is the only way to deal with the production loses caused by this weed. Control with herbicides and grazing with less susceptible animals (such as sheep) have been suggested. C. maculatum alkaloids can be transferred to milk and to fowl muscle tissue through which the former can reach the human food chain. The losses produced by C. maculatum chronic toxicity may be largely underestimated, at least in some regions, because of the difficulty in associate malformations in offspring with the much earlier maternal poisoning. |
| Title: Intriguing World of Weeds: Poison-Hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). |
| Author: Mitich-Larry-W. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. Jan.-March, 1998; 12 (1) 194-197. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Conium maculatum in Hedmark county, Eastern Norway. |
| Author: Kielland-Lund-Johan; Often-Anders-. |
| Source: Blyttia 1998; 56 (2) 92-93. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Secretory structures and localization of alkaloids in Conium maculatum L. |
| Author: Corsi-Gabriella; Biasci-David. |
| Source: Annals-of-Botany-London Jan., 1998; 81 (1) 157-162. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: In this paper histochemical investigations of the secretory structures of Conium maculatum L., are described that discriminated between ducts and vittae. The localization of alkaloids in seedlings, vegetative organs, flowers, and in the mericarp (during its development from ovary to full maturity), was achieved using specific histochemical tests. |
| Title: Aethes francillana (Fabricius) (Lep.: Tortricidae) bred from Conium maculatum. |
| Author: Heckford-R-J. |
| Source: Entomologist's-Record-and-Journal-of-Variation. 1995; 107 (1-2) 40. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Agonopterix alstroemeriana (Oecophoridae) and other lepidopteran associates of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) in East Central Illinois. |
| Author: Berenbaum,-M.R.; Harrison,-T.L. |
| Source: GREAT-LAKES-ENTOMOL. 1994 vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1-5. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) (Apiaceae), a noxious Eurasian weed extensively naturalized throughout North America, is characteristically attacked by few insects. Over the past two decades, an introduced oecophorid caterpillar, Agonopterix alstroemeriana, has been reported infesting poison hemlock, its sole host in its area of indigeneity, in parts of the northeastern and western United States. We report for the first time evidence of established midwestern populations of this species. We also report poison hemlock as a host plant for the polyphagous lepidopterans Eupithecia miserulata, Trichoplusia ni, and Spilosoma virginica. |
| Title: Seed germination ecology of poison hemlock, Conium maculatum . |
| Author: Baskin,-J.M.; Baskin,-C.C. |
| Source: CAN.-J.-BOT.-J.-CAN.-BOT. 1990. vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 2018-2024. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1990 |
| Abstract: In north-central Kentucky, United States, seeds of Conium maculatum are dispersed from mid-September to mid to late February, with up to 95% of them being dispersed by late December. Depending on the year, 40-85% of the freshly matured seeds had morphological dormancy (MD) and thus needed only a moist substrate, 10-15 14-h photoperiod days and 12-h alternating thermoperiods of 30:15 degree C for embryo growth and germination. The other seeds had morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), and embryo dormancy had to be broken before embryo growth and germination could occur. MPD was broken in some of the undispersed seeds during summer, and by September 50-85% (depending on the year) germinated at 25:15 degree C in light. During late autumn and winter, 35-95% (depending on the year) of the undispersed seeds in MD in autumn entered MPD. Cold stratification at 5 degree C induced about half the seeds with MD into MPD. Seeds in MD germinated to higher percentages on soil than on sand, and in light than in darkness. |
| Title: A colour atlas of poisonous plants. |
| Author: Frohne, D. and H. J. Pfander. |
| Source: Wolfe Science, London. 291 pp. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1983 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Poison hemlock, Conium Maculatum, in southern California - an alien weed attacked by few insects. |
| Author: Goeden, R. D. and D. W. Ricker. |
| Source: Annals of Entomological Society of America 75: 173-176. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1982 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Viruses isolated from wild carrot and poison hemlock. |
| Author: Howell, W. E. and G. I. Mink. |
| Source: Plant Diseases 65:277-279. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1981 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: A new alkaloid from South African Conium species. |
| Author: Roberts, M. F. and Richard T. Brown. |
| Source: Phytochemistry 20:447-449. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1981 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Poisonous plants of the central U.S. |
| Author: Stephens, H. A. |
| Source: The Regents Press of Kansas, Lawrence. 165 pp. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1980 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Plants poisonous to livestock in the western States. |
| Author: USDA. |
| Source: USDA Agricultural Information Bulletin No. 415. 90pp. |
| Source Type: Report |
| Publication Date: 1980 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Some major plant toxicities of the western U.S. |
| Author: James, L. F. and A. E. Johnson. |
| Source: Journal of range management 29: 356-363. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1976 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The swallowtail butterflies of North America. |
| Author: Tyler, H. A. |
| Source: Naturegraph Publishing, Healdsburg, CA. 192 pp. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1975 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Poisonous plants of the U.S. |
| Author: Muenscher, W. C. |
| Source: Collier Books, New York. 277pp. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1975 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Plant toxicities in sheep on a property with unusual weed control problems. |
| Author: Simpson, B. H. |
| Source: Proceedings 28th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, pp. 92-94. |
| Source Type: Paper |
| Publication Date: 1975 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Y-coniceine reductase in Conium maculatum. |
| Author: Roberts, M.F. |
| Source: Phytochemistry 14: 2393-2397. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1975 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Celery mosaic virus in England. |
| Author: Pemberton, A. W. and R. R. Frost. |
| Source: Plant Pathology 23: 20-24. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1974 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: An S-adrenasyl-1-methionin; conciine methyltransferase from Conium maculatum. |
| Author: Roberts, M. F. |
| Source: Phytochemistry 13: 1847-1851. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1974 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Noxious weeds of Victoria. |
| Author: Parsons, W. T. |
| Source: Inkata Press, Ltd., Melbourne, Australia. 300 pp. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1973 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Strains of celery mosaic virus from parsley and poison hemlock in california. |
| Author: Sutubutra, T. and R. N. Campbell. |
| Source: Plant Disease Reporter 55: 328-332. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1971 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The formation of -coniceine from 5-ketooctanal by a transaminase of Conium maculatum. |
| Author: Roberts, M. F. |
| Source: Phytochemistry 10:3057-3060. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1971 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The alkaloids of hemlock. P.361-368 in V.H. |
| Author: Fairbairn, J. W. |
| Source: Heyward (ed.), Biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1970 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The alkaloids of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). III. The presence of bound forms in the plant. |
| Author: Fairbairn, J. W. and A.A.E.R. Ali. |
| Source: Phytochemistry 7:1593-1597. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1968 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The alkaloids of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.), IV: Isotopic studies of the bound forms of alkaloids in the plant. |
| Author: Fairbairn, J.W. |
| Source: Phytochemistry 7:1599-1603. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1968 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Biosynthesis of the hemlock alkaloids. II. The conversion of -coniceine to coniine and -conhydrine. |
| Author: Leete, E. and N. Adityachaudhury. |
| Source: Phytochemistry 6:219-223. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1967 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Poisonous plants of the U.S. and Canada. |
| Author: Kingsbury, J. M. |
| Source: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 626 pp. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1964 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: On some biological properties of biennial weeds of the Danube stepp. |
| Author: Vorobyov, N. E. |
| Source: Ukrainsky Botonichny Zhurnal 17(5) : 43-49. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1960 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: The alkaloids of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). Distribution in relation to the development of the fruit. |
| Author: Fairbairn, J. W. and S.B. Challen. |
| Source: Biochemistry Journal 72 (4): 556-61. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1959 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Manual of the flowering plants of California. |
| Author: Jepson, W. L. |
| Source: University of California Press, Berkeley. |
| Source Type: Book |
| Publication Date: 1951 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Poison-hemlock-ringspot virus and its transmission by aphids to celery. |
| Author: Freitag, J. H. and H. P. Severin. |
| Source: Hilgardia 16(8) :389-410. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1945 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Alien plants growing without cultivation in California. |
| Author: Robbins, W. W. |
| Source: California Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 637:1-128. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1940 |
| Abstract: NA |
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