SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for: Orchard grass
Species (scientific name): Dactylis glomerata
| Title: Is partitioning of dry weight and leaf area within Dactylis glomerata affected by N and CO2 enrichment? |
| Author: Harmens-H ; Stirling-C-M; Marshall-C; Farrar-J-F. |
| Source: Annals-of-Botany-London. 86 (4): 833-839. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: We examined changes in dry weight and leaf area within Dactylis glomerata L. plants using allometric analysis to determine whether observed patterns were truly affected by (CO2) and N supply or merely reflect ontogenetic drift. Plants were grown hydroponically at four concentrations of NO3- in controlled environment cabinets at ambient (360 mul l-1) or elevated (680 mul l-1) atmospheric (CO2). Both CO2 and N enrichment stimulated net dry matter production. Allometric analyses revealed that (CO2) did not affect partitioning of dry matter between shoot and root at high N supply. However, at low N supply there was a transient increase in dry matter partitioning into the shoot at elevated compared to ambient (CO2) during early stages of growth, which is inconsistent with predictions based on optimal partitioning theory. In contrast, dry matter partitioning was affected by N supply throughout ontogeny, such that at low N supply dry matter was preferentially allocated to roots, which is in agreement with optimal partitioning theory. Independent of N supply, atmospheric CO2 enrichment resulted in a reduction in leaf area ratio (LAR), solely due to a decrease in specific leaf area (SLA), when plants of the same age were compared. However, (CO2) did not affect allometric coefficients relating dry weight and leaf area, and effects of elevated (CO2) on LAR and SLA were the result of an early, transient stimulation of whole plant and leaf dry weight, compared to leaf area production. We conclude that elevated (CO2), in contrast to N supply, changes allocation patterns only transiently during early stages of growth, if at all. |
| Title: 'Grasslands Vision' cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.). |
| Author: Rumball-W ; Miller-J-E ; Claydon-R-B. |
| Source: New-Zealand-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research. 43 (3): 363-364. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: Grasslands Vision' cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) was selected from crosses between 'Grasslands Kara' and 'Grasslands Wana' cocksfoots. It is intermediate between them in morphology, though more like the erect Kara than the prostrate Wana. Vision is intended for use on dairy farms, and is expected to be slightly more persistent and productive than Kara, except in spring. |
| Title: 'Grasslands Excel' cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.). |
| Author: Rumball-W ; Miller-J-E ; Claydon-R-B. |
| Source: New-Zealand-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research. 43 (3): 365-366. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: Grasslands Excel' cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) was selected from a natural population collected in Spain. It is very similar to the current cultivar 'Grasslands Wana' collected from the same region, but is three weeks later to head and has a much lower 1000-seed weight. It is similarly suitable for sites that are dry and severely grazed, but the delayed heading could offer higher nutritional value when other cultivars are heading. |
| Title: Effect of nitrogen fertiliser supply and winter cutting on morphological composition and herbage digestibility of a Dactylis glomerata L sward in spring. |
| Author: Duru-Michel ; Delprat-Vincent; Fabre-Catherine; Feuillerac-Estelle. |
| Source: Journal-of-the-Science-of-Food-and-Agriculture. 80 (1): 33-42. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: The aim of this study was to improve the prediction of sward digestibility in spring as affected by nitrogen supply and winter cutting, taking into account their effects on the leaf:stem ratio and the digestibility of the plant parts. Two nitrogen treatments (120 kg ha-1 and nil) and two cutting regimes were studied over three growing seasons. Herbage digestibility measurements were made about 2 weeks before and after the heading stage. Nitrogen deficiency always decreased the proportion of stem in the herbage yield significantly, mainly because it reduced or delayed the number of tillers which reach the double-ridge stage. The stem digestibility was higher when no nitrogen was supplied. We show that it decreased with increasing stem length, whatever the sampling date and the growing season. Morever, for a given stem length we noticed a positive effect of herbage nitrogen status, probably because the stem weight per unit length was lower when N was supplied. Green lamina digestibility decreased more slowly than that of stem, but at a different rate according to the growing season. At the whole herbage level, nitrogen supply always decreased the herbage digestibility, and sometimes cutting in winter increased it. These trends resulted mainly from the effect of nitrogen supply on the proportion of stem in the herbage and its digestibility. |
| Title: Does down-regulation of photosynthetic capacity by elevated CO2 depend on N supply in Dactylis glomerata? |
| Author: Harmens-Harry ; Stirling-Clare-M; Marshall-Chris; Farrar-John-F. |
| Source: Physiologia-Plantarum. 108 (1): 43-50. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: Dactylis glomerata was grown hydroponically in a controlled environment at ambient (360 mul l-1) or elevated (680 mul l-1) CO2 and four concentrations of nitrogen (0.15, 0.6, 1.5 and 6.0 mM NO3-), to test the hypothesis that reduction of photosynthetic capacity at elevated (CO2) is dependent on N availability and mediated by a build-up of non-structural carbohydrates. Photosynthetic capacity of the youngest fully expanded leaf (leaf 5, 2 days after full expansion) was reduced in CO2-enriched plants at low, but not high N supply and so the stimulation of net photosynthesis by CO2 enhancement was less at low than at high N supply. CO2 enrichment resulted in a decrease in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) content on a leaf area basis at 0.6 and 1.5 mM NO3-, but not at 0.15 and 6.0 mM NO3-, and had no effect on the total N content of the leaf on an area basis. However, decreases in Rubisco content could be primarily accounted for by a decrease in total N content of leaves, independent of (CO2). A doubling of the Rubisco content by increasing the N supply beyond 0.6 mM had only a marginal effect on the maximum carboxylation velocity in vivo, suggesting that the fraction of inactive Rubisco increased with increasing N supply. Although CO2-enriched plants accumulated more non-structural carbohydrates in the leaf, the reduction of photosynthetic capacity at low N supply was not mediated simply by a build-up of carbohydrates. In D. glomerata, the photosynthetic capacity was mainly determined by the total N content of the leaf. |
| Title: Ecotypic differences and performance of the genetic resources of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) in north-west Spain. |
| Author: Lindner-R ; Lema-M; Garcia-A. |
| Source: Grass-and-Forage-Science. 54 (4): 336-346. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Quantitative traits and allozymes were used in two experiments to clarify the ecotypic differentiation of natural cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) populations from north-west Spain. Thirty-nine populations belonging to the four main ecotypes in Galicia were cultivated in two field experiments. In the first experiment, there were significant differences between ecotypes for heading date, flag leaf length, growth habit and vigour. Coastal populations were the least infected by rust. In the second experiment, allozyme markers presumed to be diagnostic for ssp. glomerata vs. izcoi (TO1 1.00, TO1 1.03) were found in all populations studied (ten tetraploids and one diploid izcoi). This suggests that gene flow occurs between coastal and interior populations. Culm and panicle lengths of tetraploids (without application of fertilizer) were inside the izcoi range in 1997, but some plants from all populations exceeded it in 1998. It is concluded that ssp. izcoi also occurs on the coast. Populations with a high level of complementary seasonal growth were detected. |
| Title: Genetic variability of forage grass cultivars: A comparison of Festuca pratensis Huds., Lolium perenne L., and Dactylis glomerata L. |
| Author: Kolliker-R; Stadelmann-F-J; Reidy-B; Nosberger-J . |
| Source: Euphytica-. 106 (3): 261-270. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Three widely used cultivars of each of the species Festuca pratensis Huds., Lolium perenne L., and Dactylis glomerata L. were investigated by means of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and vegetative growth traits in order to investigate genetic variability within each cultivar and to compare the level of diversity among cultivars and species. RAPD markers allowed a clear separation of the three species. Genetic variability based on RAPD markers was considerably lower for F. pratensis cultivars than for L. perenne and D. glomerata cultivars which showed similar levels of variability. The proportion of variability due to variation within cultivars, determined by an analysis of molecular variance, was lower in F. pratensis (64.6%) than in L. perenne (82.4%) and D. glomerata (85.1%). A comparison of F. pratensis and L. perenne, based on vegetative growth traits, confirmed the differences in genetic variability within cultivars. F. pratensis showed lower coefficients of genetic variation for eight of ten traits when compared to L. perenne. This study demonstrates considerable differences in genetic variability which may have consequences for the adaptability and persistency of individual cultivars. |
| Title: Dactylis glomerata (Gramineae) reported from the North-west of the Iberian Peninsula. |
| Author: Horjales-Marina ; Redondo-Nieves ; Laso-Gemma . |
| Source: Anales-del-Jardin-Botanico-de-Madrid. 57 (2): 427. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: environment conditions in a nutrient solution to which NO3- was added at a relative addition rate of 0.2 and 0.1 mol N mol-1 N already present in the plant d-1 for D. glomerata and F. ovina, respectively, so as to obtain a steady exponential growth rate close to the plants' maximum relative growth rate. Pulse-chase labelling with 14C-leucine was used to determine the rate of protein turnover in the grass roots. The rate of turnover of the total protein pool did not differ significantly between the two species. The protein degradation constant in D. glomerata and F. ovina was 0.156 and 0.116 g protein g-1 protein d-1, respectively, which corresponds with a total protein half-life of 4 d and 6 d. Assuming specific respiratory costs for protein turnover of 148 mmol ATP g-1 protein, the estimated respiratory costs for protein turnover in the roots were 2.8 and 2.4 mmol ATP g-1 root DM d-1 in D. glomerata and F. ovina, respectively. Both the fast- and the slow-growing grass spent between 22-30% of their daily ATP production for maintenance on protein turnover, which corresponds to 11-15% of the total root ATP production per day. Note that the data presented in this abstract are based on the assumption that 50% recycling of the 14C-labelled leucine took place in the roots of both grass species. |
| Title: Geographic distribution and genetic differentiation in natural populations of Dactylis glomerata L. in Hokkaido island, Japan. |
| Author: Sugiyama-Shuichi ; Nakashima-Hiroshi. |
| Source: Grassland-Science. 45 (2): 187-192. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Dactylis glomerata is one of the most common grass species in Hokkaido island, Japan. This species frequently establishes natural populations in open habitats such as bare grounds and road sides in Hokkaido. In this study, geographical distribution and genetic differentiation were examined for natural populations at 43 sites of Hokkaido which are available for meteological data. The results obtained are as follows : (1) The survey of frequency at 43 sites showed that the abundance of the natural populations decreased in North-Eastern part of Hokkaido. The frequency showed a high positive correlation with the lowest temperature before snow cover more than 10 cm. (2) When plants derived from seeds were compared under an experimental field, plant type tended to show a close relation with the frequency. The populations from the sites with High (>90%) and Low (<60%) frequency had more smaller tillers than those with Middle (60-90%) frequency. (3) The population with Low frequency tendedto show low fall growth and high dry matter content, although the differences were not significant. |
| Title: Relationship between broadleaf dock (Rumex obtusifolius L.) and seasonal yield of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) grazing pasture. |
| Author: Iijima-Yoshiaki ; Kurokawa-Yuzo . |
| Source: Grassland-Science. 45 (3): 203-209. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: A field experiment was carried out to clarify 1) the seasonal pattern of broadleaf dock growth and propagation and the factors by which these are afected, and 2) the influence of broadleaf dock on grass yields in a grazing pasture. From spring to autumn, DM yields of grass decreased and those of broadleaf dock increased. The coverage of broadleaf dock increased remarkably after the summer of 1995. The population density of plants except for seedling (plants that had more than one leaf) gradually increased during the two-year period of observation. The density of seedlings (plants that had just one or no leaves) increased during or just after the grazing periods and decreased after that time. In autumn of 1994 only, a remarkable increase in the density of seedlings occurred. The density of buried seeds of broadleaf dock increased in summer and decreased in autumn. The negative correlation between grass yields and properties of broadleaf dock was evident in each season, and became more pronounced after summer. Among the properties of broadleaf dock, the correlation of coverage of broadleaf dock with grass yields was highest. On the basis of our results, we described the seasonal patterns of growth and propagation of broadleaf dock in our grazing pasture and discussed the effects of some factors (stocking intensity, etc.) on them. The negative effect of broadleaf dock on grass yields in each season was calculated and was discussed. |
| Title: Three harvest management of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) in the Mid-North agricultural areas of Eastern Canada. |
| Author: Drapeau-R . |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Plant-Science. 79 (2): 231-238. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.) has good winter survival in the mid-north agricultural areas of eastern Canada. There is no information on the cutting management to use after the first harvest of orchardgrass under these climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the required interval between harvests following a first harvest at heading stage to optimise the productivity and maintain the persistence of orchardgrass. An interval of 35 d between harvests was sufficient to obtain annual yields of 4 to 6 tonnes of dry matter per hectare. An interval of 28 d between harvests had no negative effects on orchardgrass persistence under our climatic conditions. A second harvest taken 42 d after the first one often had a negative effect on the dry matter yield of the third harvest. Each time this occurred, we observed that the second harvest had been taken after 20 July. Heading dates varied among years. In addition to the growth stage at the first harvest, the dateof occurrence of the heading stage should be considered so that the second harvest will be taken before 20 July. Consequently, if heading is delayed in spring, the interval between the first and second harvest must be reduced to take the second harvest before 20 July. Delaying the third harvest had a negative effect on the dry matter yield of the first harvest of the following production year. These results indicate that it is possible to take three harvests before September under the climatic conditions of the mid-north of eastern Canada without affecting the persistence of orchardgrass. |
| Title: Proportional dry-mass content as an underlying trait for the variation in relative growth rate among 22 Eurasian populations of Dactylis glomerata s.l. |
| Author: Ryser-P ; Aeschlimann-U . |
| Source: Functional-Ecology. 13 (4): 473-482. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Relative growth rate (RGR), proportional dry-mass content of leaf and stem tissues, and biomass-allocation pattern were assessed under controlled conditions for 22 populations of Dactylis glomerata s.l. from contrasting latitudes and altitudes in Europe, Israel and Kazakstan. Furthermore, width and thickness of leaves were measured in garden-grown mature plants. 2. All these parameters varied significantly among the populations. RGR correlated negatively with dry-mass content of leaves and stems, but not with biomass-allocation parameters, leaf thickness or leaf width. We argue that the close association of RGR with variation in dry-mass content among species and genetically distinct populations is a result of the larger volume of tissue, and correspondingly larger leaf area and longer root system, that a plant with a low tissue density can build per unit dry mass. 3. Leaf tissue dry-mass content decreased and RGR increased with increasing latitude and elevation of the originatingsite, indicating that a high growth rate may be an advantage in habitats with a short growing season. This contrasts with earlier findings of a negative correlation between inherent RGR and altitude. |
| Title: Dactylis glomerata genetic resources: Allozyme frequencies and performance of two subspecies on an acid sandy loam with summer drought. |
| Author: Garcia-A; Lindner-R. |
| Source: Euphytica-. 102 (2) 255-264. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Several morphological and agronomical traits and four independent isozyme loci (PGI1-2, TO1, GOT1 and AcPH) were determined on 20 natural tetraploid populations of Dactylis glomerata subsp. marina and on 7 diploid populations of subsp. izcoi from Galicia (Spain), grown as spaced plants on a sloping, acid sandy loam with summer drought and no fertilization. Diploid izcoi established quicker, had better winter and spring growth, higher summer disease resistance and yield in the first year, but less persistence under these conditions and less variability. There was no winter or summer dormancy in either subspecies. Heading date was positively correlated with summer disease resistance. Allozyme frequencies were not related to geographic distribution, but persistence was correlated with the percentage of heterozygous loci. There was genetic overlap between the two subspecies, suggesting natural gene flow through tetraploid izcoi. Leaf epidermal papillosity in marina was not correlated with regrowth after a dry summer, but early heading and WSC content were related to that regrowth. PGI1-2 and T01 frequencies of 20 additional Galician izcoi populations (10 diploids and 10 tetraploids) are also presented. |
| Title: Ecotypical differentiation of Dactylis glomerata and Poa alpina (Poaceae) in the Alps: Contribution of reciprocal transplant and common garden experiment. |
| Author: Gauthier-Perrine; Bedecarrats-Alain. |
| Source: Ecologie-Brunoy. 29 (1-2) 357-362. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: The hypothesis of ecotypical variability of alpin species related to habitat's discontinuity is tested in the present paper. Two poaceae, Dactylis glomerata L and Poa alpina L, which are used to restore habitats degraded in mountainous areas, are studied in the northern French Alps. For both species, clonal material belonging to populations coming from contrasted habitats are settled in reciprocal transplants and common garden. The behaviour of each population in the different conditions is observed. Phenotypic plasticity difference having an adaptative origin are found for both species: they concern growth for Dactylis glomerata and both growth and seed production for Poa alpina. |
| Title: Genome size is negatively correlated with altitude in natural populations of Dactylis glomerata. |
| Author: Reeves-Gail; Francis-Dennis ; Davies-M-Stuart; Rogers-Hilary-J; Hodkinson-Trevor-R. |
| Source: Annals-of-Botany-London. 82 (SUPPL. A) 99-105. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Previously, we found a significant negative correlation between DNA C-value and altitude among eight natural populations of Dactylis glomerata L. (Creber et al., New Phytologist 128: 555-561, 1994). We have examined the extent to which similar negative relationships exist in other altitudinal transects, one in southern France and the other in Italy. Using Feulgen microdensitometry, C-values were negatively correlated with altitude both for the French and Italian populations. A combined plot of DNA C-values against altitude for all of the transects (representing C-values for 17 natural populations), exhibited a highly significant negative relationship; there was a 1.3-fold variation in DNA C-value from the largest genome-lowest altitude to the smallest genome-highest altitude natural population. Such a consistent marked altitudinal cline suggests strong nucleotypic selection acting upon these populations with increasing altitude. Preliminary examination of amplified fragment length polymorphisms between populations selected from the upper and lower limits of the French and Italian transects has shown that these populations are genetically distinct. The extent to which this genetic separation is related to altitude or genome size, or both, is discussed. |
| Title: Competition for light, water and nitrogen in an association of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.). |
| Author: De-Montard-F-X ; Rapey-H; Delpy-R; Massey-P. |
| Source: Agroforestry-Systems. 43 (1-3): 135-150. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Competition for light, water and nitrogen between hazel trees and cocksfoot grown under the trees was studied in two hazel plantations managed in different ways. The first plantation with a light transmission of at least 70% at grass level was compared with two control hazel and cocksfoot monocrops. The soil was a calcareous heavy clay, 1.4 m deep. Water stress during summer was severe in the intercropped stand as well as the grass-only plots, while it was much less in the sole stand of trees (without grass). Hazel tree water potential in the inter-cropped stand improved in the fourth year as the trees extended their roots similarly to the grass-free ones, despite their much lower canopy growth rate. The fourth year, local N fertilisation began to be effective as evidenced by the N content per leaf area unit and growth of the inter-cropped trees: grass root competition was high and root barriers were needed to exclude it. The second plantation was managed on a deep soil with a water table at approximately 2.5 m depth. The trees did not suffer from the presence of grass, and allowed a 15 to 75% light transmission rate. A control monocropped grass plot was established for comparison. On the basis of the multiple limitation hypothesis, a grass dry matter production model was built which accounts for radiation transmitted to the understorey, water supply, temperature and air moisture deficit in interaction with the radiation transmission rate (r2 = 0.716; 590 observations). The limits of such models are discussed with regard to insufficient knowledge on root dynamics. |
| Title: Litter dynamics of Dactylis glomerata and Vicia villosa with respect to climatic and soil characteristics. |
| Author: Kalburtji-K-L ; Mamolos-A-P; Kostopoulou-S-K. |
| Source: Grass-and-Forage-Science. 53 (3) 225-232. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: The rates of litter decomposition, organic matter loss and nutrient release for Dactylis glomerata (Gramineae) and Vicia villosa (Leguminosae) were studied at two sites in north Greece, which differed in soil pH, soil particle distribution and nutrient availability. Climate, soil characteristics and taxonomic plant differences affected the rates of litter decomposition. Litter loss was higher at site A (neutral soil) than at site B (acid soil). Organic matter loss was generally low. Dry weather affected both parameters. Nitrogen release from litter was higher for both species at site A. The rate of P and K release was higher in the neutral soil than in the acid soil for both species, while that of Ca for both species and of Mg for Vicia was higher in the acid soil. Phosphorus, Ca and Na release from the litter of the leguminous species began earlier than from the graminaceous species. P mineralization from Vicia litter seemed to start just after its incorporation into the soil. |
| Title: Production, persistence, and water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation in 21 contrasting populations of Dactylis glomerata L. subjected to severe drought in the south of France. |
| Author: Volaire-F ; Lelievre-F. |
| Source: Australian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research. 48 (7) 933-944. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: In rainfed Mediterranean areas, summer drought is the main factor affecting the persistence of perennial grasses. Most available cultivars of Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot) exhibit low persistence in this environment; therefore, research is needed on the relationships between plant physiology and recovery after severe drought. In the field, we subjected a large range of populations and cultivars of cocksfoot to 3 months of drought followed by 3 weeks of rewatering. Principal component and cluster analysis discriminated 3 groups of genotypes: (1) late heading populations and cultivars of temperate origin (ssp. glomerata) that exhibited high tiller mortality in summer; (2) early heading populations of Mediterranean origin (ssp. hispanica) that survived well but had a low growth potential; (3) very early heading Mediterranean cultivars (ssp. glomerata times hispanica) that survived and recovered actively. The study of bases of youngest enclosed leaves (surviving organs) showed that osmotic potential in living bases was not significantly different between groups of populations; dry matter content was higher in bases of hispanica populations at the onset of drought; total water-soluble carbohydrate and fructan contents increased as drought progressed and reached 35-40% of dry matter in bases at the end of the drought. Drought survival was best correlated with both the ratio between low and high weight fructans in July (summer) and the heading date (R-2 = 0.75, P lt 0.001). Recovery yield after autumn rewatering was highly correlated with both of these variables and the dry matter content in leaf bases in June (R-2 = 0.75, P lt 0.001), which may be associated with levels of summer dormancy. These results emphasise the role of ontogeny in drought resistance and can be used to predict plant survival in a large range of populations of cocksfoot. |
| Title: The decomposition rate of Dactylis glomerata grass litter in meadow ecosystems differing in age and management. |
| Author: Bogdanowicz-Lech; Szanser-Maciej. |
| Source: Ekologia-Polska.45 (3-4) 647-663. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The way of grass (Dactylis glomerata) aboveground parts decomposition on meadows differing both in age and management was compared. The investigations were carried in mosaic landscape (Suwalki Landscape Park) in north-eastern Poland. Experiment with using the identical for all meadows substratum (sand) for comparing the litter loss rate between meadows was carried. During three years studies (1987-89) it was found that landscape relief, age and management of meadow use influenced the rate of litter loss. Decomposition of litter on sandy substrate clearly reflected the course of its decomposition on soil surface but the values of loss rates were lower than on soil. |
| Title: Winter hardiness and growth at low temperature in European varieties of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). |
| Author: Nakayama-Sadao ; Daido-Hisaaki; Abe-Jiro . |
| Source: Grassland-Science.43 (3) 224-230. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Genotypic variations of resistance to snow mold caused by Typhula ishikariensis, freezing tolerance, and growth at low temperatures were examined in 21 European and four Japanese varieties of orchardgrass. Geographic origin of genotypes had a strong bearing on resistance to snow mold and freezing tolerance, which were closely correlated (r = 0.89***). The tolerance to winter stresses of genotypes from various regions could be ranked in descending order as follows:Russian and Norwegian groups gtoreq Swedish and Japanese groups > East European group gtoreq Central European group > French group. Tolerance to winter stresses and recovery of growth in spring were slightly correlated as some genotypes from the warm regions grew well at low temperatures despite their low winter hardiness. In contrast, the correlations between tolerance to winter stresses, resistance to stem rust and growth in late autumn were strongly negative. The results indicate that genetic resources from eastern Europe deserve special attention from the view point of improving orchardgrass in Hokkaido because of the similarity of latitude, compared to northern Europe and the continental climate with more severe winter than in western Europe as well. |
| Title: Effects of water holding materials added to the surface of low-moisture volcanic ash soil on soil water content and early germination rate of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). |
| Author: Nishimura-Teruhiro . |
| Source: Grassland-Science. 43 (3) 243-248. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: This study examined the effects of three water holding materials (vermiculite, Sphagnum and synthetic resin) added to the surface of low-moisture volcanic ash soil on the soil water content and early germination of orchardgrass. In Experiment 1, water content and water release of the materials and volcanic ash soil (untreated control) were measured for 7 days after they were soaked in water for a day. The water content and the released water volume during the 7-day period were significantly different among the materials, being ranked volcanic ash soil < vermiculite < Sphagnum < synthetic resin. In Experiment 2, low-moisture volcanic ash soil with or without water holding materials was oversown with orchardgrass, and soil water content and germination rate of seeds were measured for 7 days. The addition of the materials resulted in higher soil water content and germination rate as compared with the untreated soil. Experiment 3 showed that the increase in the germination rate with the application of the materials was enhanced by covering the seeds with soil. It was suggested that adding water holding materials to the surface of low-moisture volcanic ash soil promotes germination of orchardgrass directly drilled into deteriorated pasture sods by improving soil water condition. |
| Title: An experimental study of ecological differences in winter growth between sympatric diploid and autotetraploid Dactylis glomerata. |
| Author: Bretagnolle-F; Thompson-J-D. |
| Source: Journal-of-Ecology. 1996; 84 (3) 343-351. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Previous work on the ecological significance of variation in genome size among plant species would suggest that tetraploid plants, due to their larger genomes and cell size, should show a greater capacity for growth at low temperature than closely related diploids. 2. To test this we determined winter growth and flowering phenology of diploid and autotetraploid genotypes of the Galician subspecies of Dactylis glomerata sampled from northwestern Spain. Individual genotypes of each ploidy level were cloned and grown in four contrasting environments. 3. The phyllochron index (i.e. the cumulative temperature necessary for the production of each leaf) was used to asses the kinetics of leaf production during winter and the dates of first panicle emergence and flowering were quantified. 4. Contrary to predictions, diploids produced more leaves in all environments during the winter and very early spring period than did derivative tetraploids. Increased quantities of nuclear DNA do not therefore permit faster winter growth in tetraploids of this subspecies of D. glomerata. 5. However, tetraploids flowered earlier than diploids in all environments, confirming that observed differences in flowering time have a genetic basis in Galician D. glomerata. 6. Our results are compared to previous data and discussed in the context of diploid-polyploid coexistence in sympatric situations. |
| Title: Quantitative analysis of growth and regeneration of Dactylis glomerata tiller tuft on subtropical mid-mountain sites. |
| Author: Yang-Yunfei-Fu-Linqian ; Zhu-Lin. |
| Source: Yingyong-Shengtai-Xuebao. 7 (2) 159-163. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Quantitative analysis of growth and regeneration characters of Dactylis glomerata tiller tufts shows that during its blooming and vegetative growth periods, the number of tillers per tuft is linearly increased with increasing tuft size. The living and dead biomass of the tuft is positively correlated to its size and tiller number, respectively. The mean weight of each tiller is respectively decreased hyperbolically and power-functionally with increasing tuft size and tiller number, and the earing rate is linearly decreased with the increase of them. The strategy for the growth of tuft is to throw most part of energy into its reproductive growth at the earlier growing stages. |
| Title: NA. |
| Author: Brock-J-L; Hume-D-E; Fletcher-R-H. |
| Source: Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. 126 (1) 37-51. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The morphology of independent plants of 'Grasslands Ruanui' perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and three cultivars of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) ('Grasslands Apanui', 'Grasslands Kara' and 'Grasslands Wana') in mixed pastures under intensive sheep grazing was studied at Palmerston North, New Zealand during 1991/92. Both perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot exhibited a similar pattern of clonal growth and population structure. Distribution of plants among various orders of branching showed a relatively stable pattern through most of the year except in spring, when stem decay and plant fragmentation exceeded apical growth and regeneration, causing an increase in the proportion of small plants and a corresponding decrease of larger plants. This pattern was similar to that previously reported for white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Nevertheless, seasonal variation in plant structure (number of leaves, tillers and stems per plant) was small, but variation in organ size (DW or length) was greater. Stolon formation through elongation of internodes occurred throughout the year, but was associated primarily with flowering, Grazing management caused no differences in plant structure between species or among the cocksfoot cultivars, but did affect the size of organs, and hence plants. Cocksfoot plants were 50-60 % heavier than perennial ryegrass under rotational grazing. Under set stocking, only perennial ryegrass and Wana cocksfoot exhibited sufficient phenotypic plasticity to survive, both Kara and Apanui cocksfoot failed to persist. The only consistent difference between the species was greater flowering in perennial ryegrass than in cocksfoot, in both the proportion of plants flowering, and the number of flowering tillers per plant. Both species produced stolons throughout the year, although perennial ryegrass and Wana cocksfoot had a higher proportion of plants with stolons than Apanui and Kara cocksfoot. Length and DW of stolons per plant were similar in both species. As there was little variation in plant structure and plant density, length of stolons per unit area tended to parallel seasonal changes in pasture tiller density. The role of grazing management in the survival of tillers and plants, and subsequent performance of grass species in pastures is discussed. |
| Title: The effect of age of the sward on the relationship between water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation and drought survival in two contrasted populations of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.). |
| Author: Volaire-F ; Gandoin-J-M. |
| Source: Grass-and-Forage-Science. 51 (2) 190-198. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: In Mediterranean drylands, drought survival is a major factor of persistence of perennial forage grasses. In the island of Corsica, plant survival and changes in water-soluble' carbohydrate (WSC) content were investigated in first- and second-year swards of two populations of cocksfoot: Lutetia, a drought-sensitive cultivar, and KM2, a drought-resistant Mediterranean population. When subjected to a moderate drought under a rain-shelter, Lutetia died whereas KM2 recovered with low mortality. The sensitivity of survival to the date of defoliation is emphasized. In first-year swards, WSC content in entire tiller bases at the end of the drought was four times greater in KM2 than in Lutetia and was correlated with differential recovery in the two populations. Conversely in second-year swards, no relationship between WSC content in entire tiller bases and recovery was found. However, WSC content in the youngest living enclosed leaves of KM2 accumulated to reach 63% of dry matter (DM) whereas in Lutetia WSC fell below 30% of DM; this factor might be associated with its survival. In both tiller bases and enclosed leaves, sucrose content and the content of large fructans tended to increase over the summer, whereas monosaccharide content declined. Enclosed leaves are the main survival organs: their role as a sink for translocated material (sucrose) and as a site of fructan accumulation is discussed. |
| Title: Evaluation of sulfonylurea herbicides for weed control in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata). |
| Author: Bedmar-F; Leaden-M-I; Castano-J; Gonzalez-G; Martoccia-M; Ramos-G. |
| Source: Annals-of-Applied-Biology. 1996; 128 (SUPPL.) 32-33. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Evaluation of sulfonylurea herbicides on crop phytotoxicity, forage and seed production in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata). |
| Author: Leaden-M; Castano-J; Bedmar-F; Gonzalez-G; Martoccia-M; Nunez-R; Ramos-G; Sanchez-M. |
| Source: Tests-of-Agrochemicals-and-Cultivars. 0 (17) 48-49. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal infection on competition between Holcus lanatus and Dactylis glomerata. |
| Author: West-H-M. |
| Source: Journal-of-Ecology. 84 (3) 429-438. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Holcus lanatus and Dactylis glomerata were grown in monocultures and mixtures to determine the influence of mycorrhizal fungi on intra- and interspecific competition. 2. In monoculture, shoot biomass per plant of both species was increased over all densities by mycorrhizal infection. Increased tiller and leaf numbers per plant for H. lanatus, but not for D. glomerata, suggested that enhanced biomass was a result of greater tiller and leaf production in Holcus, but to increased tiller weight in Dactylis. Increased competition reduced shoot biomass, tiller number and leaf number in both species. 3. Although the response was variable, mycorrhizal infection generally enhanced shoot biomass of both species in mixed cultures. Tiller production in D. glomerata was generally unaffected by infection but reductions in leaf number were observed in mycorrhizal stands. In contrast to its effects on monocultures, infection had no effect on tiller production when H. lanatus was in mixture. 4. Relative yield totals (RYT) calculated for grasses grown in mixture suggest that, overall, mycorrhizal infection resulted in a reduction of resource complementarity, i.e. it increased the level of competition for the same resources. This was reflected in the relative yields which showed that the shoot biomass for each species in mixture was lower than that expected from growth in monoculture. 5. Aggressivity indices suggested that H. lanatus was more aggressive than D. glomerata when present in equal or greater numbers. Mycorrhizal infection altered the degree of aggressivity in favour of the already more aggressive plant within the combination, although, at very low densities, D. glomerata was more aggressive than H. lanatus when mycorrhizal. |
| Title: Influence of leaf area index and carbohydrate reserves at cutting on the leaf growth of two forage grasses (Dactylis glomerata L. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). |
| Author: Duru-M; Calviere-I. |
| Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Plant-Science. 76 (2) 269-276. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Leaf growth of two forage grasses (Dactylis glomerata L. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was studied as a function of the sward state after a cut. Two heights of cut (3 and 6 cm) and a variable number of previous cuts were used to reach different residual leaf area index (IFr), and non-structural carbohydrate (CNS) concentration and quantity. For both species, four treatments were studied in 2 consecutive years. In mid-May for each of the species, the IFr ranged from 0 to 1, and the quantity of CNS varied from 12 to 25 g 100 g-1 DM according to the treatments. Over the 3 wk of regrowth, the IF reached values ranging from 1 to 7 and its increase depended on the IFr and the quantity of CNS. Among the three components of the quantity of CNS (weight of sheath per tiller, tiller density and CNS concentration), only the first two had a significant effect on the IF increase. Tiller mortality occurred when the quantity of CNS or the IFr were the lowest and it contributed little to the growth of lower leaves. No significant differences were found between the two species. |
| Title: Evaluation of sulfonylurea herbicides on crop phytotoxicity, forage and seed production in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata). |
| Author: Leaden-M; Castano-J; Bedmar-F; Gonzalez-G; Martoccia-M; Nunez-R; Ramos-G; Sanchez-M. |
| Source: Annals-of-Applied-Biology. 1996; 128 (SUPPL.) 48-49. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Effects of soaking or air-drying pretreatments and sprinkling the seed bed on the early germination of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). |
| Author: Nishimura-Teruhiro. |
| Source: Grassland-Science. 1995; 41 (3) 263-266. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Seasonal variation in the morphology of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) plants and populations in pastures under intensive sheep grazing. |
| Title: Variation in the subtropical group of Dactylis glomerata L. - 1. Evidence from allozyme polymorphism. |
| Author: Sahuquillo-Elvira; Lumaret-Roselyne. |
| Source: Biochemical-Systematics-and-Ecology. 23 (4) 407-418. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Allozyme variation at eight polymorphic loci was analysed in 15 populations collected over the Atlantic part of the subtropical distribution area of Dactylis glomerata L. Four genetically distinct entities were identified. One included the diploid populations of subspecies smithii, endemic of Tenerife Island. A second included the tetraploid populations from Grand Canary island which also constituted a morphologically distinct group. A third group clusted together inland and coastal tetraploid populations from Madeira Island (likely two ecotypes of subspecies hylodes) which had been described previously as two distinct subspecies according to morphological traits. A fourth group gathered together the tetraploid populations from the coasts of Portugal (ssp. marina). The substantial allozyme variation observed in that subtropical group may be attributed partly to the occurrence of large geographic discontinuities in the distribution area and, at a particular locus (GOT1), the observed variation was assumed to be due mostly to adaptive selection related to large variation for humidity conditions in that Atlantic area. |
| Title: Modeling growth of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) at the end of spring in relation to herbage nitrogen status. |
| Author: Duru-M ; Ducrocq-H; Tirilly-V. |
| Source: Journal-of-Plant-Nutrition. 18 (10) 2033-2047. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The objective was to establish a model of vegetative regrowth of plant matter in a stand of cocksfoot and tall fescue according to their nitrogen status. For three years (1989-1991), at the end of each spring, we studied regrowths in relation to differing supplies of nitrogen (120 kg/ha or low supply or nil). The herbage nitrogen status (IN) was estimated from the nitrogen concentration in the herbage and the above ground dry matter. The accumulated above ground dry matter was related to the amount of photosynthetic active radiation intercepted (PARi). The two parameters of the model, PARi (resulting from incident radiation and LAI) and the radiation use efficiency (RUE) depended on the herbage nitrogen status. For LAI, the parameters a, b, c of the model (LAI = a + b*T + c*T*IN) were not significantly different for the two species, (T = accumulated daily temperatures from the beginning of regrowth). On the other hand, RUE was about 15% higher for tall fescue in relation to a higher net photosynthesis activity. For other regrowths than those used for model calibration, measured above ground biomasses and LAI data were in good agreement with simulated data. |
| Title: Genetic variation in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) populations for mottle virus resistance. |
| Author: Rognli-O-A ; Aastveit-K ; Munthe-T. |
| Source: Euphytica-. 80 (2) 109-116. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Highly significant and continuous variation in the degree of injury due to cocksfoot mottle virus (CfMV) infection was found among clones of 7 cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata L.) populations, taken at random among surviving plants in 9 year old swards. Broad sense heritabilities for CfMV injury ranged from 0.52 to 0.91 within populations, and genotypic correlations between CfMV injury and total DM-yield ranged from -0.46 to -0.88. The relationship between CfMV injury and DM-yield could be described by a second degree curve. CfMV injury was to some extent genotypically correlated in the positive direction with crude protein content and digestibility, and negatively with crude fiber content, especially in the first cut. Artificial infection of plants from the original populations with CfMV in a simulated sward experiment, did not reveal any significant differences between populations in tolerance towards CfMV infection. Infection caused a 54.5% increase in the number of dead plants per plot, relative to uninfected plots, but only a 4.5% reduction in dry matter yield. There is a clear tendency that synthetic populations selected for high yield are less tolerant towards CfMV infection than unselected or low yielding populations. The resistance found in these cocksfoot populations is a sort of tolerance, and the results indicate that the level of tolerance can be increased by selection. |
| Title: Effects of drought on water relations, mineral uptake, water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation and survival of two contrasting populations of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.). |
| Author: Volaire-F ; Thomas-H. |
| Source: Annals-of-Botany-London. 75 (5) 513-524. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The role of physiological responses in survival of prolonged soil moisture deficit was investigated in vegetative plants of two Dactylis glomerata populations: KM2 (drought-resistant) and Lutetia (susceptible). The plants were grown in 1 m-deep soil columns in a controlled environment. After 56 d of full irrigation, water was withheld for 80 d, by which time all soil moisture had been consumed; the plants were then rewatered for a further 19 d. As drought progressed, leaf extension decreased to zero, water status declined, and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) at first increased and then decreased. The most pronounced differences between the two populations was that all KM2 tillers survived the drought, but 34 % of Lutetia tillers died. In comparison with Lutetia, KM2 was characterized by (a) slower shoot growth rate, (b) greater root density at depth, (c) maintenance of higher lamina relative water content, (d) greater osmotic adjustment in leaf bases, (e) higher concentration of WSC in tiller bases, (f) greater ability to export WSC out of dying leaves, (g) lower content of metal ions but improved maintenance of P status, and (h) lower proline: amino acid ratio. The contribution of these responses to tiller survival under severe drought in controlled environments is contrasted with performance and persistence of swards in the field in the harsher Mediterranean environment. |
| Title: Temperature sensitivities of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Dactylis glomerata L. ecotypes. |
| Author: Thomas-Howard; Stoddart-John-L . |
| Source: New-Phytologist. 130 (1) 125-134. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The thermal responses of leaf growth and senescence were measured in four populations of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and three of Dactylis glomerata L. with a range of geographical origins. Leaf extension was quantified by fitting logistic curves to lengths measured for up to 120 d in controlled environments at 20 degree C or after transfer to 5 degree C at emergence of the fourth leaf. Electronic position transducers were employed to observe rapid adjustments in leaf elongation rate in response to changes in the temperature experienced by the growing zone. Leaf segments were incubated in darkness on a thermal gradient bar giving a range of temperatures between 0 and 20 degree C, and chlorophyll and protein were determined after 4 d of senescence. For each process, temperature sensitivities were determined as Q-10, to give a profile of thermal response for each ecotype. Correlations between processes across ecotypes enabled possible relationships between temperature perception mechanisms to be identified. In their responses to chilling temperatures, mean extension rates measured over a period of one or more plastochrons were not closely related to short-term rates. There was a significant negative correlation between chlorophyll stability in excised leaf tissue and mean long-term extension rates. In general, ecotypes from the coldest habitats were the most sensitive to low temperature inhibition. |
| Title: Growth, carbohydrate reserves and drought survival strategies of contrasting Dactylis glomerata populations in a Mediterranean environment. |
| Author: Volaire-Florence. |
| Source: Journal-of-Applied-Ecology. 32 (1) 56-66. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: In Mediterranean environments, the ability to survive severe summer water-stress determines the persistence, and hence the autumn yield, of temperate perennial grasses. The survival of cocksfoot swards and their changes in carbohydrate content were investigated in Corsica, France, in five contrasting populations of diverse origins: the south of France, Algeria, continental Italy, Denmark and north west France. In the summer of 1992, swards were either well-irrigated or subjected to 76 days of drought under a rain-out shelter. 2. Under drought conditions, there was no measurable summer yield of any cocksfoot population. There were large differences in recovery growth in autumn, which was highly correlated (P lt 0.001) with tiller density (r = 0.81), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content (r = 0.82) and fructan content in leaf bases (r = 0.85) recorded in August. 3. Under irrigation conditions, no real summer dormancy was observed for any population. Summer yield varied from 13 to 244 g dry matter (DM) per m-2 and was highly correlated (P lt 0.001) with glucose and fructose contents in leaf bases in September (r = 0.65 and 0.74, respectively). 4. The experiment indicated that amongst the five cocksfoot populations examined there were two strategies for surviving summer drought. (i) 'Summer semi-dormancy' was observed in the populations from Algeria and the south of France, which are adapted to summer drought and exhibited seasonal growth patterns relatively insensitive to irrigation (summer yields lt 110 g DM m-2). High tiller density was associated with accumulation in leaf bases of high levels of WSC ( gt 40% of DM) and fructans ( gt 30% of DM) in the summer, followed by rapid recovery of leaf extension after irrigation in early September. The autumn yield of water-stressed plants was only 16-24% lower than their combined summer and autumn yields when irrigated in summer. (ii) 'Summer activity' was observed in the populations from Denmark, northwest France and continental Italy, which were unadapted to long periods of drought and responded to irrigation (summer yields gt 200 g DM m-2). Under long and intense drought, their tiller densities reduced significantly, and the carbohydrate reserves in leaf bases were continuously utilized and not restored (WSC amounts were 15-25% of DM in September); this was associated with high tiller mortality, low growth resumption in autumn and, therefore, lack of persistence. |
| Title: Yield response curves of Dactylis glomerata L. to addition of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and lime on an xeric heath soil of Tierra del Fuego. |
| Author: Posse-G; Mendoza-R-E. |
| Source: Communications-in-Soil-Science-and-Plant-Analysis. 26 (3-4) 631-642. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: We studied the response curves of Dactylis glomerata to addition of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and lime in presence of a range of added phosphorus (P) on an acid xeric heath soil (pH 4.3) of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). The heath community developed on the soil has dominated by a 50% of cover of an evergreen dwarf shrub (Empetrum rubrum) of very little forage value. Addition of P alone or combined with any of amendments increased significantly the growth of Dactylis. In contrast, absence of P, even supplying 50 ppm of N or K, no increase in growth of Dactylis was detected. This suggested that P was the most important nutrient limiting the growth of forage plants in this heath soil. By fitting response curves, we studied three different aspects: the maximum and the minimum yield approached, and the slope of the response curve to reach the maximum yield. Increasing added P, the maximum yield reached was greatest for N addition, lowest for lime, and intermediate for K and P alone. The minimum yield (absence of added P) did not differ among treatments. Consequently, all response curves were fitted using a common value for the intercept. In addition, liming the soil in presence of added P decreased the slope of the response curve to reach maximum yield. This was mostly ascribed to a decrease of the effectiveness of added P by sorption of P onto the surface of lime applied. |
| Title: Seasonal variation of nitrogen fixation by in situ determination in white clover (Trifolium repens L.): Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). |
| Author: Sugawara-Kazuo; Isawa-Takeshi. |
| Source: Grassland-Science. 41 (1) 67-70. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: A method for determining nitrogen fixation activity of white clover in the field was examined, and seasonal variations of the activity were studied by acetylene reduction assay in a white clover-orchardgrass grassland with various rates of the mixing. The incubation for acetylene reduction assay was conducted in a transparent plastic chamber settled on an upper guard of a steel tube drived into the ground. All assays were carried out in 10% (v/v) acetylene concentration in air and for 30 min of a incubation time. The injection of acetylene gas and the collecting gas-sample were achieved using syringes through rubber-sealed ports of incubation chamber. The results suggest that this system is useful with some confidence for measuring nitrogen fixation activity of grassland under field condition. The acetylene reduction activity of white clover in the field appeared at the times except snowfall and seasonally changed with two peaks; a large peak in late May and a small peak in late September except for the temporary fluctuations owing to harvesting and fertilizing. The grassland over 70% in coverage of whiteclover showed nearly the similar quantity of acetylene reduction activity as pure stand of white clover. In mixed stand, the acetylene reduction activity of white clover was promoted by accompanying with orchardgrass unless light condition on leaflets of white clover was deteriorated. |
| Title: Cultivarietal differences in competitive ability and associated traits in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). |
| Author: Sugiyama-Shuichi; Nakashima-Hiroshi. |
| Source: Nippon-Sochi-Gakkai-Shi. 40 (2) 179-189. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: In order to clarify how much intraspecific variation in competitive ability exist in single grass species and which traits are responsible for it, we compared competitive ability of eighteen cultivars of D. glomerata when combined with weakly and strongly competitive cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) for a period of two years under fertile soil conditions in experimental fields. Shoot and root morphological traits of each cultivar were also measured under pot conditions. Relative competitive ability was assessed by aggressivity, 1/2 (relative yield of focal species-relative yield of neighbouring species). The results obtained were as follows : (1) There were large differences in competitive ability between cultivars in both D. glomerata and F arundinacea. The difference was more apparent in the second year than in the first year. (2) For D. glomerata, competitive ability in the first year was correlated only with the seedling emergence time. In the second year, most of the variation in competitive ability between cultivars was explained by shoot and root morphological traits. Competitive ability correlated positively with root DW, mean tiller weight and mean root weight. (3)For F. arundinacea the strongly competitive cultivar had larger seeds, faster seedling emergence, larger root weight but smaller shoot DW than the weakly competitive cultivar. |
| Title: Effects of summer drought and spring defoliation on carbohydrate reserves, persistence and recovery of two populations of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) in a Mediterranean environment. |
| Author: Volaire-F. |
| Source: Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. 122 (2) 207-215. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: The ability to survive summer water stress determines the persistence, and therefore autumn yield of temperate grasses in the Mediterranean environment. In the island of Corsica, sward survival and changes in carbohydrate content were investigated over 2 years, in two contrasting populations of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.): KM2, an early-flowering population of Mediterranean origin and Lutetia, a late-flowering cultivar bred in North West France. In Expt 1 (1987/88) three spring defoliation intensities were imposed. In Expt 2 (1989/90) three levels of water deficit were imposed under a rain shelter. In spring, dry matter (DM) yields and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations in leaf bases were similar (20-35% of DM) for both populations. From June to September, WSC reserves tended to decline in Lutetia, whereas accumulation of WSC was maintained until August (45% of DM) in KM2. Fructans formed the major component, and therefore followed the same seasonal pattern, as total WSC. Contents of trisaccaride and sucrose increased in late summer as drought progressed. Contents of glucose and fructose were lower but increased in August or September according to treatment. In both field experiments during summer, KM2 had 50% more live tillers/m-2 than Lutetia, possibly because it remained in positive carbon balance for a long period. WSC levels in summer ad regrowth in autumn were reduced both by intense defoliation in spring and by severe water stress in summer. On average, autumn yields of KM2 were five times greater than those of Lutetia and the recovery yields were closely correlated with fructan contents of leaf bases in summer (r = 0.80; P lt 0.001). The role of fructans and low DP-sugars as solutes in osmotic adjustments and as substrates for regrowth are discussed, and the differences between populations are analysed. |
| Title: Properties of cocksfoot streak and cocksfoot cryptic, two viruses infecting cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) in Scotland. |
| Author: Torrance-Lesley; Jones-A-T; Duncan-G-H. |
| Source: Annals-of-Applied-Biology. 1994; 124 (2) 267-281. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: A Scottish isolate of cocksfoot streak virus (CSV-S) was found to have flexuous filamentous particles which, in sap of infected cocksfoot plants, had a modal length of 712 nm. It was transmitted from infected to healthy cocksfoot plants in a non-persistent manner by Myzus persicae and by mechanical inoculation of infective sap extracts containing an anti-oxidant. Apart from cocksfoot, mechanical inoculation of infective sap succeeded in infecting only four of 22 plant species tested. The infectivity of sap extracts containing 0.2% thioglycerol was lost after heating for 10 min at 55 degree C but not 50 degree C, storage at room temperature for 48 but not 24 hours, and after diluting 10-2 to 10-3. Highly purified preparations of CSV-S particles sedimented as a single component with a sedimentation coefficient of 139S and had a buoyant density in rubidium bromide of 1.31 g/cm-3. Virus particles were composed of one protein and one ssRNA species with estimated M-r of 31000 and 3.2 times 10-6 respectively. In ELISA, an antiserum prepared to CSV-S detected the virus in all aerial parts of infected cocksfoot plants and, when present in the ratio of 1 infected leaf: 1000 healthy leaves. Both CSV-S-infected and -uninfected cocksfoot also contained a previously undescribed virus with isometric particles c. 30 nm in diameter. This virus, named cocksfoot cryptic virus (CCV), was seed-borne in two cvs of cocksfoot tested and its particles contained two dsRNA species of estimated M-r of 1.14 times 10-6 and 1.27 times 10-6. Despite the fact that particles of CSV-S were largely free from CCV particles following exclusion chromatography on agarose beads prior to immunization, immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) showed that the antiserum prepared to CSV-S also contained some antibodies to CCV. Evidence from IEM suggested a possible distant serological relationship of CCV to ryegrass and beet (BCV 1 or BCV 2, or both) cryptoviruses, all members of sub-group A of cryptoviruses. |
| Title: Analysis of dry matter partitioning in Dactylis glomerata during vegetative growth using a carbon budget model. |
| Author: Caloin-M. |
| Source: Annals-of-Botany-London. 73 (6) 665-669. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: The dry matter partitioning in vegetative plants of Dactylis glomerata was studied from experiments performed in controlled environments. Plants were grown hydroponically in growth chambers, at two constant temperatures (17 and 25 degree C). In both experiments the root fraction decreased regularly with time, an effect that was more accentuated in the higher temperature regime. In order to explain the change in dry matter partitioning, the experimental shoot and root growth were analysed using a carbon budget model which includes shoot and root maintenance requirements. The model predicts a relationship between the root specific growth rate and the product of shoot specific growth rate and shoot to root dry weight ratio. In the range of experimental accuracy, this relationship was found to be linear at both temperatures, which should indicate that the partitioning coefficients and the root maintenance coefficient remained constant during vegetative growth. The effect of temperature on the value of these coefficients can be specified from a linear regression analysis. Between 17 and 25 degree C, the root maintenance coefficient increased by about a factor of two, whereas the partitioning coefficients did not vary significantly. On the basis of these results, it was shown that the decrease in root fraction during vegetative growth should be mainly attributed to the decrease in net specific activity of shoots. |
| Title: Ecological studies on establishment and development of Zoysia japonica Steud.-Dactylis glomerata L. association after clearing of deciduous broad-leaved forest: III. Effect of fertilization on changes in shoot densities and weights of Z. japonica and D. g |
| Author: Ogawa-Yasuo; Mitamura-Tuyosi; Fukuda-Eiki; Okamoto-Kyoji. |
| Source: Nippon-Sochi-Gakkai-Shi. 39 (4) 411-419. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: The association of Z. japonica and D. glomerata is useful as a low-input and stable pasture for beef cattle grazing in the mountainous area of Japan. The methods of establishment and management of the association were studied from an ecological view point. Seeds of Z. japonica and D. glomerata were oversown without tillage after clearing of deciduous broad-leaved forest in Sept., 1980. The three different amounts of chemical fertilizers were applied to the treatment plots (the non, low and high fertilized plots) every year. These three treatment plots were grazed by beef cattle for 5 years. The effect of fertilization on changes in shoot densities and weights of Z. japonica and D. glomerata under the grazing condition were examined in this report. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) Shoot density of D. glomerata was approximately 500 shoots/m-2 during 5 years after start of grazing in the non fertilized plot, although it was the lowest among all plots. 2) Shoot density of Z. japonica in the non fertilized plot was 284 shoots/m-2 in the first year after start of grazing. It increased year by year and surpassed that of D. glomerata after the third year. The density of Z. japonica in the tow fertilized plot increased slightly year by year (12-64 shoots/m-2), but was relatively low level until the, last year. However, seedlings of Z. japonica disappeared in the second year in the high fertilized plot. 3) Standing crop in the non fertilized plot was very few (38.7 g DM/m-2) in the first year. However, it increased at 110.2 g DM/m-2 in the second year due to active regrowth of D. glomerata. From the fourth year regrowth of D. glomerata reduced, and Z. japonica expanded as an alternative. Therefore, standing crop in the non fertilized plot increased continuously as a whole and reached at 273.3g DM/m-2 in the fifth year, the amount of which was similar to that in the low fertilized plot. 4) The amount of available forage for grazing cattle in the non fertilized plot was estimated to be a quarter of that in the high fertilized plot, although there was an exception of low amount in the first year. 5) Vertical distribution of underground parts in the non fertilized plot indicated that D. glomerata which dominated in the first year would be gradually replaced by Z. japonica. 6) From these results no fertilization was indispensable for the establishing Z. japonica-D. glomerata association after clearing of deciduous broad-leaved forest. However, once the stand was established, small amount of fertilization (about 20-30 kgN/ha/year) should be applied to keep a vegetational equilibrium between both species. |
| Title: Single application of fertilizer in spring on orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) meadow using controlled release coated urea. |
| Author: Saigusa-Masahiko; Shibuya-Kyoichi; Abe-Tokuro. |
| Source: Nippon-Sochi-Gakkai-Shi. 40 (1) 95-100. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Single application of fertilizer in spring on orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L. cv. KITAMIDORI) cultivation was studied using controlled release polyolefin coated urea (POCU) to conduct labor saving and to maintain stable plant density. Field experiment was carried out on Kawatabi Andosol in 1988 to 1989. The following three treatments were designed. Conventional plot: 4 times application of N fertilizer (108-4-2 gN/m-2), coated urea plot: single application of N fertilizer (29 gN/m-2 of POCU, LP100 and 4 gN/m-2 of urea and -N plot: none application of N fertilizer. 1) A relationship between days calculated as 25 degree C after application (X) and cumulative percentage of nitrogen release from POCU,LP100 (Y) was expressed by the following equation. Y = 0.759 X + 4.67 (r = 0.988***, n = 9) There was a quite high correlation between these two factors. However, the release rate of nitrogen from LP100 applied at the surface of grass land was about 30% faster than that applied in plow layer. 2) The relative dry matter yields of orchard grass of conventional plot, coated urea plot and -N plot were 100, 110-111, and 55-83, respectively. They were closely related to both leaf color index and amounts of nitrogen absorption. 3) The recoveries of N fertilizer of plant both in conventional and coated urea plots were calculated by substructing the amounts of nitrogen uptake in -N plot. These recoveries were 53% and 68%, respectively. Therefore, recovery of coated urea by plant seemed to be much higher than that of urea. 4) We may conclude that single application of nitrogen fertilizer in spring using POCU is one of the most feasible methods judging the matter from the viewpoints of the labor saving, high yielding, environmental conservation, etc. |
| Title: Shoot morphological response to interactions between Dactylis glomerata and Veronica persica. |
| Author: Ikeda-Hiroaki; Ohkuro-Toshiya; Nemoto-Masayuki. |
| Source: Ecoscience-. 1 (4) 329-332. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Shoot morphological response to intra- and interspecific interactions between Dactylis glomerata L. and Veronica persica Poir. was examined in greenhouse experiments. We measured the shoot growth and morphology of one target plant for each species, surrounded by six conspecific (monoculture) or heterospecific (mixed culture) neighbours planted at different distances from the target plant. There were no significant effects of either species of neighbour or distance between plants on the above-ground dry mass of target plants, in both species. However, the mean stem length of D. glomerata targets was significantly greater in monoculture than in mixed culture, resulting in taller plants when they were set up with conspecific neighbours. V. persica targets showed a significant change in the coefficient of variation for the angles between terminal internodes and the soil surface, indicating the fact that this angle varied more in mixed culture than in monoculture. These findings suggest that the plastic responses of plant form to species interaction allow plants to achieve comparable biomass regardless of the identity of neighbouring species. |
| Title: Some comparisons of developmental morphology in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) seedlings grown under an outdoor condition. |
| Author: Ito-Mutsuyasu; Sekikawa-Hiroki. |
| Source: Nippon-Sochi-Gakkai-Shi. 40 (1) 61-68. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Morphological and phyllochronic shoot development in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L., cv. Venture, RCG) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L., cv. Aonami, OG) seedlings was studied under an outdoor condition during May to early July, 1989. Both seedlings were cultivated in 8.5 cm pot, irrigated with HOAGLANDS solution, and harvested at each of the leaf expansion ages 5, 7, 9, and 11 (developmental ages when 5th to 11th leaves just fully expanded) on main shoot, and length and dry weight of successive leaf blade, sheath and internode of main shoot were measured. Dry weight of root and tillers was also measured. 1) The successive leaf on main shoot of RCG plant expanded very quickly with the interval around 3.3 days/leaf, whereas expansion of OG leaves was in slower rate (Table 1). Tillering was rather regular in lower nodes of main shoot of both RCG and OG at the beginning of the observation, but the growth of higher nodal tillers (1st order) was gradually suppressed as seedlings grew and expanded higher leaves. Tiller emergence was completely suppressed in the axil of 7th main shoot leaf and above in RCG plant, on the contrary tillering suppression was lenient in OG. 2) The exponential growth of each organ in main shoot and whole plant was observed both in RCG and OG seedlings (Fig. 1, 2). The growth rate of RCG was kept higher than that of OG in each component of main shoot and primary tiller. These higher growth rate of RCG seedlings was derived mainly from its higher leaf area ratio (LAR) during early stage of seedling growth, being additionally followed by acceleration in net assimilation rate (NAR) in later stage when internode elongation was commenced. Higher relative growth rate (RGR) of RCG seedling was most prominent in internodes, especially in main shoot (Table 2). 3) Length of successive leaf blade and sheath and width of leaf blade on main shoot increased with acropetal succession both in RCG and OG (Fig. 4-A, B). Successive increment of leaf blade was much prominent in OG shoot, being accelerated on the upper nodes. Although successive increment of leaf blade width in RCG was much larger than OG, length enlargement was rather in slow pace and attained maximum size around the phytomers 10-11. Successive leaf area (calculated after KEMP'S Method); leaf length times leaf midwidth times 0.905) was larger in RCG than in OG, especially on the upper nodes (Fig. 4-C). No internode elongation was commenced at any stage of OG seedling growth, whereas internodes around the phytomers 6-7 began to elongate at the stage of 7th leaf expansion on main shoot (Fig. 4-D). |
| Title: The role of introduced grasses other the Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Phalaris aquatica, and Festuca arundinacea in the pastoral systems of temperate Australia. |
| Author: Reid-R. |
| Source: New-Zealand-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research. 37 (3) 399-404. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Pasture improvement throughout temperate Australia has been, with a few noted exceptions, confined to the use of only four specie, i.e. Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, and Phalaris aquatica. However, there are large areas where the above are clearly not adapted e.g., deep acidic sands in South Australia, salt-affected lands in Victoria, and the low-fertility tablelands of New South Wales. Further plant introduction has identified a limited number of species that have been able to perform in specific environmental niches, but often with limited animal production under commercial grazing conditions. It is argued that further grass introduction must take place if pasture improvement is to continue, not only for increased livestock production but also to restore those lands that are in the process of degradation. A number of the other temperate perennial grass species exhibiting potential for trial and further selection, particular from the genus Bromus, are listed and discussed. |
| Title: Effect of nitrogen application in autumn on the growth of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) in the following spring. |
| Author: Kimura-Takeshi ; Kurashima-Kenji. |
| Source: Journal-of-Japanese-Society-of-Grassland-Science. 39 (3) 381-386. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Effect of the ratio of nitrogen application in late autumn (autumn N) and the following early spring (spring N) on the grass growth of the first cut in the next year was compared among orchardgrass swards that were previously managed under different rate of N fertilization after the third cut in early September. Autumn N was applied in early November after the last cut (the forth cut). Spring N was applied in early April of the following year. The first cut was conducted in late May. The sum of the rate of autumn N and spring N was constant. Increasing the ratio of autumn N was beneficial to increase the density of earing tillers and total dry matter yields of the first cut in the sward that received low level of N in early September. On the other hand, more earing tillers of the first cut emerged in the sward that received higher level of N in the early September. Increasing N application rate in the early September reduced the effect of ratio of autumn N and spring N on the density of earing tillers of the first cut. Increasing the ratio of spring N resulted in higher yield of vegetative tillers and total dry matter in the sward that received higher level of N in early September. Improvement of N supplying capacity of soil in autumn by application of manure was effective to increase the density of earing tillers, same as autumn N for the sward receiving low rate of N fertilizer in early September. These results show that sufficient supply of N in autumn is necessary to emerge many earing tillers that constitute a majority in the dry matter yield of the first cut in the following spring. Therefore, enhancement of N supplying capacity of soil in autumn is important. Increasing the distribution ratio of autumn N after the last cut of the year is effective to increase the yield of grass in the following spring when the N fertility of soil in autumn is poor. |
| Title: Effects of temperature on cell division in root meristems of natural populations of Dactylis glomerata of contrasting latitudinal origins. |
| Author: Creber-H-M-C; Davies-M-S; Francis-D. |
| Source: Environmental-and-Experimental-Botany. 33 (3) 433-442. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: The effect of temperature on cell division was studied in the root meristems of five natural populations of Dactylis glomerata from contrasting latitudes and altitudes within mainland Europe to determine which aspects of the cell cycle were most sensitive to temperature change and to what extent this was related to latitude and altitude of origin. Cell doubling times (cdts), and the duration of the cell cycle (Tc) were determined in primary root meristems of the five populations which were grown at 15 degree C for 10 days and then maintained at this temperature or transferred to either 10 or 20 degree C for a further 4 days. Cdts were measured using the colchicine-metaphase arrest technique while Tcs were determined with the percentage 3H-labelled mitoses method. The growth fraction: mean labelling index div fraction of labelled mitoses over one cell cycle, or Tc div cdt, were also calculated. The relative sensitivity of the cell cycle to lowered root temperature (Tc 10/20) was less in populations from high latitudes/altitudes compared with populations from lower latitudes/altitudes. Growth fraction measured at all temperatures for all populations was correlated positively with the duration of the cell cycle and separately for the data at 10 and 15 degree C but not at 20 degree C. Thus, for these natural populations of Dactylis glomerata grown over a 10-20 degree C temperature range, the longer cell cycles were compensated for by larger growth fractions. |
| Title: Resistance to winter stress factors in half-sib families of Dactylis glomerata, tested in a controlled environment. |
| Author: Tronsmo-Anne-Marte. |
| Source: Acta-Agriculturae-Scandinavica-Section-B-Soil-and-Plant-Science. 43 (2) 89-96. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Improved winter hardiness is an important objective in Norwegian grass breeding. Selection for winter hardiness based on performance in a controlled environment is a means to obtain this goal faster than relying on field trials. Progress in selection will depend on the genetic variation and the heritability of the traits. This investigation shows that artificial screening for winter survival traits reveals significant genetic variation in Dactylis glomerata in all three characters tested: resistance to Fusarium nivale, resistance to Typhula ishikariensis and resistance to freezing. The broad sense heritability of resistance to snow mould fungi between 0.4 and 0.5, and for freezing resistance between 0.5 and 0.7, indicates good possibilities for improving the traits by selection for resistance. The genotypic correlation calculated from the analysis of covariance of two half-sib families was found to be approximately 1. Although associated with contradictory data, this finding supports the theory that resistance to different winter stress factors is based on the same genetic traits(s). |
| Title: Experimental studies on the decomposition of Dactylis glomerata L. grass litter on meadows varying in the complexity of vegetation. |
| Author: Kajak-Anna ; Makulec-Grzegorz ; Bogdanowicz-Lech ; Chmielewski-Krzysztof ; Kaczmarek-Maria ; Kusinska-Alina; Lakomiec-Ignacy. |
| Source: Ekologia-Polska. 1992; 39 (1) 113-134. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: Decomposition of grass litter dynamics was compared in two adjoining grasslands established on the same type of soil, in new (second year after tillage) and old one (eight years after tillage). It was found, that higher proportion of nutrients released from the litter is retained in soil organic matter of older grassland. 26.7% N, 13% C is retained in soil of old grassland and 10.5% N, 7% C in new one. An attempt was made to find evidence that the differences in decomposition obtained, are related with higher biomass and diversity of soil fauna in old meadow. |
| Title: Vigour evaluation of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) seeds of different age. |
| Author: Gorecki-Ryszard-J ; Mierzejewska-Dorota ; Kaszuba-Jan; Grzesiuk-Stanislaw ; Rejowski-Andrzej. |
| Source: Acta-Agrobotanica. 1989 (1992); 42 (1-2) 23-33. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1989 |
| Abstract: Cocksfoot seeds cv. Baza and Bepro, harvested in 1986, 1985, 1984, and 1983 and stored in a store-house were studied. Seed lots did not differ greatly in their viability. However, significant reduction in seed vigour due to natural ageing as measured by soil emergence, seeding growth rate, and ethanol and osmotic stress tests was noted. A conductivity test did not indicate vigour changes of ageing seeds, and its correlation with field emergence was poor. The methodical aspects of vigour evaluation of cocksfoot seeds are discussed. |
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