SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for: Bermuda grass
Species (scientific name): Cynodon dactylon
| Title: Mature goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) turf with a metribuzin-diclofop combination. |
| Author: Nishimoto-Roy-K {a}; Murdoch-Charles-L. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. Jan.-March, 1999; 13 (1): 169-171. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Field studies were conducted to determine if metribuzin-diclofop combinations could provide selective control of mature goosegrass in common bermudagrass turf. In two field trials, diclofop at 1.7 kg ai/ha provided 19% control of mature goosegrass at 7 wk after treatment (WAT), whereas metribuzin at 0.28 or 0.56 kg ai/ha controlled 30 and 53%, respectively. When diclofop at 1.7 kg/ha was combined with metribuzin at 0.28 or 0.56 kg/ha, goosegrass control increased to 68 and 90%, respectively. That degree of mature goosegrass control with a single application of metribuzin at 0.56 kg/ha plus diclofop at 1.7 kg/ha was equivalent to metribuzin at 0.56 kg/ha plus MSMA at 2.2 kg ae/ha followed by MSMA at 2.2 kg/ha 1 wk later. The metribuzin-diclofop combination injured common bermudagrass turf less than or equivalent to the metribuzin-MSMA combination. The injury was transitory; at 3 WAT, none of the treatments injured common bermudagrass. |
| Title: Assessment of Al3+ availability in callus culture media for screening tolerant genotypes of Cynodon dactylon. |
| Author: Ramgareeb-S {a}; Watt-M-P; Marsh-C; Cooke-J-A. |
| Source: Plant-Cell-Tissue-and-Organ-Culture. 1999; 56 (1): 65-68. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Aluminium-tolerant genotypes of Cynodon dactylon are potential candidates for the vegetation of gold mine tailings in South Africa. As a prerequisite to in vitro selection of tolerant genotypes, this work aimed at assessing and adapting micropropagation media to ensure Al3+ activity and toxicity. This was investigated using MINTEQA2, a chemical equilibrium speciation model. The maximum Al3+ activity achieved in any medium was 7.5 muM. Of the seven published media investigated, four never achieved an activity greater than 4 muM at 3-4 mM aluminium. The most appropriate medium was that of Yamamoto et al. (1996) (modified MS without KH2PO4 and EDTA), as it showed an increasing range of Al3+ activities from 2 to 7.5 muM at aluminium concentrations from 0.25-2.5 mM. An improved modified MS formulation retaining phosphate was investigated because phosphate is an important component of our medium for callus induction in C. dactylon. Using MINTEQA2, no reduction in Al3+ activity by phosphate was detected in standard MS medium at pH 4. Through further simulations a new modified MS medium was derived with 1 mM SO42- and no EDTA at pH 4, which gave the maximum Al3+ activity (7.5 muM) at 2 mM aluminium. This medium gave the highest Al3+ activities for the 0.25-2 mM concentration range of all the tested formulations, including the seven published media. It also resulted in significantly higher callus growth rates than standard MS media and other tested media. This new medium is currently being used to screen C. dactylon for aluminium tolerance at pH 4. |
| Title: Summer fallow and after-planting bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) control programs for sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). |
| Author: Miller-Donnie-K; Griffin-James-L {a}; Richard-Edward-P-Jr. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. Jan.-March, 1999; 13 (1): 127-131. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Based on bermudagrass ground cover 2 wk prior to sugarcane planting, tillage plus glyphosate applied postemergence sequentially at 3.4 followed by 2.2 kg ai/ha or a single application at 3.4 kg/ha during the summer fallow period was more effective than tillage alone. Effectiveness of tillage was enhanced when less rainfall was received during the summer fallow period the first year. Rainfall of less than 1 cm 20 d after preemergence application of sulfometuron at 0.2 kg ai/ha in June resulted in 100% bermudagrass ground cover the first year compared with 37% the second year with 15 cm of rainfall during the same period. Terbacil applied after sugarcane planting and metribuzin applied in February resulted in bermudagrass ground cover in May or June of 62% (experiment 1) and 2% (experiment 2) when sulfometuron was used during the fallow period, but no more than 5% when terbacil and metribuzin followed glyphosate plus tillage or tillage alone. In most cases, bermudagrass ground cover at that time was greater when the same glyphosate/tillage treatments were followed by atrazine after planting and pendimethalin plus atrazine in February compared with terbacil after planting and metribuzin in February. When after-planting and February herbicide treatments were applied, sugarcane stalk population, height, and yield each was equivalent regardless of the previous fallow treatment. |
| Title: Nutritive value of elephant grass (Penninsetum purpureum, Schum), alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa, L.) and coast-cross grass hay (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) for horses. |
| Author: Vieira-de-Almeida-Maria-Izabel {a}; Motta-Ferreira-Walter; Queiroz-de-Almeida-Fernando; Saint-Just-Carlos-Alberto; Goncalves-Lucio-Carlos; Souza-Carneiro-Rezende-Adalgisa. |
| Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Zootecnia. July-Aug., 1999; 28 (4): 743-752. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients of elephant grass forages, alfalfa and coast-cross grass hays in adult horses. Eighteen adult Mangalarga Marchador mares were allotted to a completely randomized design with three treatments that consisted on diets with the following forages: T1 - elephant grass, T2 - alfalfa hay, T3 - coast-cross grass hay. The animals were ad libitum fed twice a day. The experimental period was constituted by a phase of eight days for diet adaptation and a phase of five days for total collection of feces. There were no differences of forage dry matter intake, with average values of 6.27 kg DM, 68.41 g DM/kg0,75 or 1.51% LW. The average coefficients of apparent digestibility of elephant grass and alfalfa and coast-cross grass hays were 43.10, 55.20, and 49.80% for DM, 4160, 53.40, and 47.90% for gross energy, 24.60; 71.20 and 56.10% for crude protein and 40.60, 35.50, and 63.30% for neutral detergent fiber. |
| Title: Response of coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) to different nitrogen doses and cutting intervals. |
| Author: Alvim-Maurilio-Jose; Xavier-Deise-Ferreira; Botrel-Milton-De-Andrade; Martins-Carlos-Eugenio. |
| Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Zootecnia. Sept.-Oct., 1998; 27 (5) 833-840. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: This experiment was carried to evaluate the effects of four nitrogen doses (0, 250, 500 and 750 kg/(hacntdotyear) and six cutting intervals on coast-cross grass (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 weeks, during the rainy season, and 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 weeks, during the dry season). Potassium fertilization was performed according to a K2O/N ratio equal to 0.8. Annually, 80 kg/ha of P2O5 were applied. Forage cuts were made at 5-7 cm above soil level. Irrigation was used through out the area, during the dry season. Data were analyzed as randomized block design in split-plot arrangement, with three replicates. In overall, annual and seasonal dry matter yields were increased with cutting interval (linear relationship) and amounts of nitrogen up to 500 kg/(hacntdotyear), reaching 30.8 ton/(hacntdotyear) (quadratic relationship). The nitrogen dose associated to 90% of the maximum annual yield (26.4 ton/(hacntdotyear) of dry matter) in the cutting interval of six weeks, in rainy season, and eight weeks, in dry season, was 583 kg/(hacntdotyear). Crude protein level increased as the amount of nitrogen dose increased, as well as with the shortening of the cutting interval, reaching the maximum of 23.4%. Regardless of cutting interval, coast-cross persistency were compromised with the absence of nitrogen fertilization or when 250 kg/ha of nitrogen was applied. |
| Title: A species-specific monoclonal antibody of Cynodon dactylon. |
| Author: Walker-Robert-H {a}; Wehtje-Glenn; Richburg-Jonn-S-III. |
| Source: International-Archives-of-Allergy-and-Immunology. Dec., 1998; 117 (4) 220-223. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Background: It is usually difficult to differentiate between the pollens of different grass species on the basis of their appearance under a microscope, as they often appear similar. Such distinctions are important when interpreting the clinical relevance of pollens in air samples as individuals can differ in their allergic responses to different grass species. As this allergenic distinction occurs at the level of presence and differences of epitopes on the allergens associated with different species, it could be anticipated that species-specific monoclonal antibodies could provide such distinctions between pollens. Method: Monoclonal antibodies raised against Cynodon dactylon were screened and characterised in ELISA assays and blotting, using a range of grass pollen extracts, to identify clones which were species specific. Results: The most specific monoclonal raised to C. dactylon did not react at a level of greater than 1.2% to extracts of 10 other grass pollens in a direct ELISA assay and showed no detectable cross-reactivity in a particle blotting assay. Conclusion: It has been possible to produce a monoclonal antibody that is functionally species specific to C. dactylon. |
| Title: Control of perennated bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). |
| Author: Edward-P-Jr. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. Jan.-March, 1998; 12 (1) 128-133. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: In two separate field experiments conducted over time, at-planting preemergence (PRE) applications of sulfometuron at 110 to 150 g ai/ha followed by March applications of sulfometuron at 30 g/ha or metribuzin at 2,580 g ai/ha at the start of the initial (plant cane) growing season controlled more bermudagrass and johnsongrass emerging in sugarcane from rhizome and stolon pieces than standard at-planting followed by March applications of atrazine at 2,240 g ai/ha (no control), metribuzin at 2,580 g ai/ha, or pendimethalin at 2,240 g ai/ha. Treatments containing at planting applications of imazapyr at 280 g ai/ha or thiazopyr at 560 g ai/ha did not provide levels of control similar to sulfometuron. Crop injury in excess of 10% occur-red only when imazapyr at 280 g/ha (18 to 42%) or sulfometuron at 30 g/ha (11 to 32%) was applied in March to emerging sugarcane. Sugarcane stalk numbers, stalk heights, and ultimately cane and sugar yields were increased when compared to the standards with all sulfometuron treatments and when thiazopyr was applied at planting and again in March. |
| Title: Allelopathic effects of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) foliage on seed germination and seedling growth of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). |
| Author: Al-Humaid,-A.I.; Warrag,-M.O.A. |
| Source: J.-ARID-ENVIRON. 1998 vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 237-243. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g dry mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) leaves in a litre of distilled water on seed germination and early growth of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon 'Common Bermuda') at 30 degree C were investigated. The final germination percentage and the germination rate, as judged by corrected germination rate index (CGRI) and to a lesser extent by the time to 50% of the final germination (GT sub(50)), were significantly reduced by the extracts in comparison with the distilled water control. This reduction increased with increasing extract concentration, until germination was totally inhibited with the most concentrated extract. Both radicle and plumule lengths were also significantly retarded. The radicles, which did not elongate at all in the most concentrated extract, were more affected. Polyethylene glycol 2000 solutions, with the same pH and osmotic potentials as the extracts, resulted in a significantly higher germination percentage, CGRI and radicle growth rate than their corresponding extracts. A similar trend was exhibited by the plumules at the three highest concentrations only. These results indicate that the mesquite foliage contains water-soluble allelochemicals which could inhibit seed germination and significantly retard the rate of germination and seedling growth of bermudagrass. |
| Title: Effect of adding levels of molasses on amino acid composition of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) silage. |
| Author: Nayigihugu-V; Kellogg-D-W; Vaught-E-K; Johnson-Z-B; Anschutz-K-S. |
| Source: Journal-of-Dairy-Science. April, 1998; 81 (4) 1188. Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association (Southern Branch), Little Rock, Arkansas, USA, February 1-4, 1998. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA. |
| Title: Milk production of cows grazing Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., cv. coast-cross. |
| Author: Vilela-D; Alvim-M-J. |
| Source: Journal-of-Dairy-Science. 1998; 81 (SUPPL. 1) 202. Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association and the American Society of Animal Science, Denver, Colorado, USA, July 28-31, 1998. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: A Species-Specific Monoclonal Antibody to Cynodon dactylon. |
| Author: Lovborg,-U.; Baker,-P.J.; Tovey,-E.R. |
| Source: International-Archives-of-Allergy-and-Immunology [Int.-Arch.-Allergy-Immunol.] 1998 vol. 117, no. 4, pp.220-223. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: It is usually difficult to differentiate between the pollens of different grass species on the basis of their appearance under a microscope, as they often appear similar. Such distinctions are important when interpreting the clinical relevance of pollens in air samples as individuals can differ in their allergic responses to different grass species. As this allergenic distinction occurs at the level of presence and differences of epitopes on the allergens associated with different species, it could be anticipated that species-specific monoclonal antibodies could provide such distinctions between pollens. Monoclonal antibodies raised against Cynodon dactylon were screened and characterised in ELISA assays and blotting, using a range of grass pollen extracts, to identify clones which were species specific. The most specific monoclonal raised to C. dactylon did not react at a level of greater than 1.2% to extracts of 10 other grass pollens in a direct ELISA assay and showed no detectable cross-reactivity in a particle blotting assay. It has been possible to produce a monoclonal antibody that is functionally species specific to C. dactylon. |
| Title: Interference and control of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and southern Sandbur (Cenchrus echinatus) in forage bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). |
| Author: Walker-Robert-H {a}; Wehtje-Glenn; Richburg-Jonn-S-III. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. Oct.-Dec., 1998; 12 (4) 707-711. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: Field experiments were conducted at two locations in central Alabama to evaluate competitiveness of large crabgrass and southern sandbur with 'Tifton 78' hybrid bermudagrass as influenced by diuron application and sprigging rate. Large crabgrass was the more competitive species. In late season, bermudagrass ground cover with no weed competition was 96% compared with 72 and 81% where large crabgrass and southern sandbur, respectively, were present. Similarly, large crabgrass and southern sandbur reduced the proportion of bermudagrass in the cumulative harvested forage by at least 59 and 38%, respectively. Application of diuron pre-emergence (PRE) at 1.1 kg ai/ha was more effective than postemergence (POST) application, both in terms of weed control and bermudagrass safety. With diuron applied PRE, large crabgrass and southern sandbur reduced the proportion of bermudagrass in the harvested forage only 32 and 25%, respectively. Increasing bermudagrass sprigging rate was beneficial for weed control but of relatively minor importance compared with diuron PRE. |
| Title: Effect of Cynodon dactylon and tenoxicam on the lysosomal enzyme activities in the cartilage tissues of osteoarthritic guinea pigs. |
| Author: Poonguzhali-Kailash-P {a}; Hariprasad-Chegu; Chandrasekaran-Aorungunram-N; Gowri-Chandrakasan; Ganesan-Nalini. |
| Source: Journal-of-Clinical-Biochemistry-and-Nutrition. 1998; 24 (3) 141-146. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: To estimate the chondroprotective effect of Cynodon dactylon, an indigenous drug, we measured the activities of lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and cathepsin D in cartilage tissues of guinea pigs with experimentally induced osteoarthritis (OA). Induction of OA was achieved by intra-articular injections of papain into the knee joints of guinea pigs. OA-induced animals were treated with either Cynodon dactylon, an indigenous drug, or tenoxicam, a known chondroprotective allopathy drug. The result showed that the activities of the lysosomal enzymes were increased in the cartilage tissue of OA-induced animals and that these values were reversed to normal by both of the interventional agents. The reason for this normalcy may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effect of the drugs, probably due to stabilization of the lysosomal membrane. |
| Title: Phosphate and sulfate activate the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the C-4 plant Cynodon dactylon L. |
| Author: Salahas-G; Hatzidimitrakis-K; Georgiou-C-D {a}; Angelopoulos-K; Gavalas-N-A. |
| Source: Botanica-Acta. 1997; 110 (4) 309-313. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The effect of phosphate, sulfate and other inorganic ions on the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) from the C-4 plant Cynodon dactylon were investigated for the first time, as well as their interaction with Glc-6-P, AMP and malate. Activation of PEPC by phosphate and sulfate ions was demonstrated and it was not dependent on the accompanying cations, something that was not clarified for PEPCs from other plant sources. No activation of this enzyme was observed by nitrate. PEPC activation was found to be competitive with glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) and AMP stimulation and less sensitive to malate inhibition. This work showed that PEPC from C-4 plants could exhibit similar activation properties with the enzyme from CAM plants and different activation properties in plants of the same type, rendering the study of this enzyme from different plant sources necessary. |
| Title: Impact of the flower smut Ustilago cynodontis (Ustilaginaceae) on the performance of the clonal grass Cynodon dactylon (Gramineae). |
| Author: Garcia-Guzman,-G.; Burdon,-J.J. |
| Source: Am.-J.-Bot. 1997 vol. 84, no. 11, pp. 1565-1571. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Effects of the flower-infecting smut fungus Ustilago cynodontis on the growth, survival, and competitiveness of the clonal rhizomatous perennial grass Cynodon dactylon were explored through a series of glasshouse experiments. Ustilago cynodontis sterilized C. dactylon by replacing floral structures with a teliospore-producing fungal stroma. Infection caused a reduction in overall dry matter production and the growth rate of stolons, changed the allocation of resources between roots and shoots, and affected the survival of C. dactylon plants growing in pots under crowded conditions in a naturally lit glasshouse. In mixtures of healthy and infected plants, the growth of infected ones was disproportionally affected. Infection had no effect on the germination or emergence of seedlings. Transmission of the pathogen along stolons was incomplete, especially as the length of the stolon increased. The nutrient status of the soil had no significant effect on stolon growth. Results are discussed in terms of the differential effect of systemic floral smut diseases on tiller-forming and clonal rhizomatous perennial grasses. |
| Title: Reduced herbicide rates for large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). |
| Author: Johnson-B-Jack. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1997; 45 (2) 283-287. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Five PRE herbicides were applied at below maximum registered use rates to the same bermudagrass turf plots for three consecutive years for large crabgrass and goosegrass control. In most instances, full labeled herbicide rates were needed for acceptable large crabgrass and goosegrass control during the 1st year of treatment. All herbicides controlled large crabgrass but not goosegrass during the 1st year. Weed management programs that utilized the lowest herbicide rates while maintaining gtoreq 80% control during the 2nd and 3rd years varied with herbicides. The programs for large crabgrass were prodiamine at 0.8 kg ha-1 the 1st year followed by 0.2 kg ha-1 the 2nd and 3rd years; oryzalin at 2.2 kg ha-1 the 1st year followed by 0.6 kg ha-1 the 2nd and 3rd years; dithiopyr at 0.3 kg ha-1 the 1st year followed by 0.1 kg ha-1 the 2nd and 3rd years; pendimethalin at 1.7 kg ha-1 the 1st year followed by 0.8 kg ha-1 the 2nd and 3rd years; and oxadiazon at 3.4 kg ha-1 the 1st year followed by 2.5 kg ha-1 the 2nd year and 1.7 kg ha-1 the 3rd year. The programs for goosegrass were prodiamine at 0.8 kg ha-1 followed by 0.6 kg ha-1 the 2nd and 0.4 kg ha-1 the 3rd year; dithiopyr at 0.8 kg ha-1 the 1st year followed by 0.4 kg ha-1 the 2nd and 3rd years; pendimethalin at 3.4 kg ha-1 the 1st year followed by 1.7 kg ha-1 the 2nd year and 0.8 kg ha-1 the 3rd year; and oxadiazon at 3.4 kg ha-1 followed by 0.8 kg ha-1 the 2nd and 3rd years. Because goosegrass control with oryzalin at reduced rates was unacceptable during the 1st and 2nd years, this herbicide should not be used in a reduced rate program. The quality of common bermudagrass was not affected by reduced herbicide rates. |
| Title: Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) control in sunflower (Helianthus annuus), soybean (Glycine max), and potato (Solanum tuberosum) with postemergence graminicides. |
| Author: Bedmar-Francisco. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. Oct.-Dec., 1997; 11 (4) 683-688. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Field experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1992 in Balcarce, Tandil, and San Cayetano, all in Buenos Aires province (Argentina), to evaluate clethodim, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop, propaquizafop, and quizalofop-P-ethyl for bermudagrass control in sunflower, soybean, and potato. The highest levels of bermudagrass control 60 days after treatment (DAT) were generally obtained with fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, haloxyfop, propaquizafop, and quizalofop-P-ethyl. Late season bermudagrass control, based on biomass of stolons and rhizomes, suggested that the most consistent treatments in potato and sunflower were haloxyfop at 180 g ai/ha and quizalofop-P-ethyl at 54 g ai/ha. In soybean, clethodim at 336 g ai/ha, haloxyfop at 180 g/ha, propaquizafop at 100 g ai/ha, and quizalofop-P-ethyl at 54 g/ha provided the greatest reductions in bermudagrass biomass. All of the postemergence (POST) graminicide treatments increased crop yields when compared to a nontreated check. However, little or no difference in yield was obtained when herbicide rate was increased. |
| Title: Effects of the ammoniation on the occurrence of fungi, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of grama seda (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) Hays. |
| Author: Reis-Ricardo-Andrade {a}; Panizzi-Rita-De-Cassia {a}; Rosa-Beneval; Rodrigues-Luis-Roberto-De-Andrade {a}; Nascimento-Jussimara-Manoela. |
| Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Zootecnia. May-June, 1997; 26 (3) 454-460. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The experiment was conducted with grama seda (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) hays stored with a low moisture content (12-15%) and without chemical treatment, and hays stored with a high moisture content (20-25%) and treated with anhydrous ammonia (NH3) at 0.5 and 1.0% of DM, and urea at 0.9 and 1.8% of DM. At 65 days after treatment (AT) under a plastic cover, the bales were opened and samples were taken at 3, 15 and 30 days to determine the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility (IVDMD) of the hays. For the identification of fungi, samples were taken at 0, 15 and 30 days AT. The data were analyzed according to a split-plot design with the effects of the chemical treatments studied in the main plot and the effects of the periods of post-treatment studied in the subplots. Fourteen genera of fungi were observed in the hays, not treated and treated with NH3 and urea, with a higher occurrence of Cladosporium, Curvularia, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Treatment with anhydrous ammonia and 1.8% urea controlled the occurrence of Aspergillus; however, Penicillium decreased in hays treated with ammonia 30 days AT. Ammoniation did not influence the contents of ADF, cellulose and lignin in the hays, but NDF and hemicellulose decreased with the use of ammonia 30 days AT. The CP contents and the IVDMD increased with ammoniation. The CP contents decreased in hays treated with NH3 as days AT increase, while hays treated with urea did not change. |
| Title: Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) as a pollen resource for honey bee colonies in the Lower Colorado River agroecosystem. |
| Author: Erickson,-E.H.; Atmowidjojo,-A.H. |
| Source: APIDOLOGIE 1997 vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 57-62. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Beekeepers in southwestern Arizona and southeastern California frequently report the poisoning of numerous honey bee colonies following the application of insecticides to blooming bermuda grass grown for seed. This study was undertaken to characterize the relative frequency, intensity, and seasonality of honey bee foraging for bermuda grass pollen. The results show that bermuda grass pollen was gathered only intermittently at both of two study sites throughout the 54 week study period. Moreover, only a small fraction of all pollen gathered, 1.2% at site A and 1.5% at site B, was from bermuda grass. Bermuda grass does not appear to be a preferred pollen resource for honey bees, and it may be foraged only in response to the relative unavailability of other more acceptable sources. Honey bee losses due to insecticides applied to bermuda grass may be driven by these foraging dynamics and/or other factors. |
| Title: Effects of fallow bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) control programs on newly planted sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). |
| Author: Richard-Edward-P-Jr. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. Oct.-Dec., 1997; 11 (4) 677-682. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Field experiments were conducted in Louisiana to evaluate the effectiveness of tillage, tillage plus herbicide, and herbicide-only fallow programs in controlling bermudagrass. Tillage of fallow fields three times at 3- to 4-wk intervals between row formation in late May and planting in late September or early October reduced bermudagrass infestations in the newly planted crop in December 44 to 51%. When the final tillage operation was replaced by glyphosate postemergence at either 2.24 or 3.36 kg ai/ha in late August, bermudagrass infestation level in December on the surface of the newly planted rows was reduced to below 20%. Two applications of glyphosate at 3.36 kg/ha were more effective than tillage only and as effective as tillage twice followed by glyphosate in reducing bermudagrass infestation levels in the newly planted crop. Application of atrazine at 3.36 kg ai/ha, imazapyr at 0.68 kg ai/ha, metribuzin at 1.68 kg ai/ha, or sulfometuron at 0.14 and 0.28 kg ai/ha to newly formed rows in late May of the fallow period did not reduce the need for tillage or an application of glyphosate during the fallow period to control bermudagrass, but imazapyr at 1. 12 kg/ha did. Sugarcane shoot populations in December of the fallow year were similar for the treatment programs despite differences in bermudagrass infestation levels, which ranged from 11 to 94%. However, sugarcane stalk number and height and cane and sugar yield in the plant-cane crop the following year were highest when glyphosate was applied to bermudagrass as two applications either alone or following the application of atrazine or metribuzin, when tillage was followed with one application of glyphosate, and in 1 yr when imazapyr alone was applied to newly formed rows. |
| Title: Effects of phosphate on the activity, stability and regulatory properties of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the C-4 plant Cynodon dactylon. |
| Author: Salahas-G {a}; Gavalas-N-A. |
| Source: Photosynthetica-Prague. 1997; 33 (2) 189-197. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The extraction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPC (EC 4.1.1.3 1) from leaves of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 105 mM) was advantageous in comparison to the usual extraction with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4, 100 mM); a higher activity was obtained, which was most evident at low substrate (phosphoenolpyruvate) concentrations. The PEPC activity was stable under dilution or in storage for at least 48 h at room temperature. The effects of phosphate buffer were not due to inhibition of phosphatase(s) action during the extraction, since they were also observed when the phosphates were added after the extraction with TrisHCl. The phosphate-extracted enzyme was less responsive to both L-malate inhibition and activation by glucose-6-phosphate. The effects of phosphates might be due to preferential exclusion from the enzymic protein domain and, therefore, to a confinement of the enzyme to a fraction of the total volume. |
| Title: Cloning and high level expression of Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) pollen profilin (Cyn d 12) in Escherichia coli: Purification and characterization of the allergen. |
| Author: Asturias,-J.A.; Arilla,-M.C.; Gomez-Bayon,-N.; Martinez,-J.; Martinez,-A.; Palacios,-R. |
| Source: CLIN.-EXP.-ALLERGY 1997 vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1307-1313. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Profilin, an actin-binding protein, was previously described as a panallergen which is involved in about 20% of the crossreactivity found among pollen and food allergic patients. This allergen is usually under-represented in natural extracts used for allergy diagnosis. To obtain an immunologically active and soluble recombinant profilin from Cynodon dactylon pollen which could be used for diagnostic and therapy. Isolation of cDNA clones was performed by polymerase chain reaction amplification using degenerate primers. Expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was carried out using vector pKN172, and the expressed product was isolated by affinity chromatography on poly L-proline-Sepharose. Four cDNA inserts coding for Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) pollen profilin (Cyn d 12) were cloned and sequenced. Full-length C. dactylon profilin gene was expressed in Escherichia coli as non fusion protein. Induced cells could produce high amounts of recombinant Cyn d 12, and after a single purification step on poly (L-proline)-Sepharose, up to 45 mg of pure allergen per litre culture could be obtained. The reactivity of recombinant Cyn d 12 with IgE antibodies present in sera from Bermuda grass-allergic patients is comparable to that of the natural Bermuda grass allergen. Recombinant Bermuda grass pollen profilin was shown to share B-epitopes with sunflower profilin. Our results showed that this heterologous expression system and purification procedure are suitable for the production of large amounts of pure allergen which can be used for the characterization of allergenic epitopes recognized by T and B cells and finally for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. |
| Title: Impact of water stress on leaf anatomy and ultrastructure in Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. under natural conditions. |
| Author: Utrillas-M-J {a}; Alegre-L. |
| Source: International-Journal-of-Plant-Sciences. 1997; 158 (3) 313-324. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Seasonal changes in leaf anatomy and ultrastructure were studied in a sward of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. grown under Mediterranean field conditions and under water stress. Relative water content (RWC), leaf water potential (psi), and specific leaf weight were determined. Anatomical measurements included leaf thickness and number and area of bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. Quantitative measurements from electron micrographs were used to evaluate the subcellular structure of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells from well-watered and water-stressed plants. In well-watered swards leaf mesophyll cell number was highest at the beginning of June, but in stressed plants the maximum was reached in the middle of July. Water stress decreased both mesophyll and bundle sheath cell areas during the experimental period, although there were no significant differences in plant water relations in autumn. Ultrastructural changes in bundle sheath cells under stress included increase in starch deposition in chloroplasts, changes in the orientation of thylakoids, and reduction in chloroplast area. Furthermore, water stress increased the cell wall thickness by 20%. Stressed mesophyll chloroplasts were characterized by an increase in the peripheral reticulum and in starch granules and a decrease in the amount of grana stacking related to a decrease in leaf sodium concentration. The number of mitochondria per mesophyll cell was increased by water stress. Longer periods of stress induced folds in the outer tangential walls in bundle sheath cells. In mesophyll cells alterations in cellular shape and in plasmalemma were observed, and the cytosol appeared to be markedly heterogeneous. In late summer the chloroplast envelope was swollen and distorted; undulating dilated thylakoids were observed and the stroma appeared less electron dense. In mitochondria, the matrix became progressively clearer. Environmental stresses influenced leaf anatomy and cell ultrastructure. Furthermore, ultrastructural changes could be related to variations in potassium and sodium contents. |
| Title: Trehalose, an extreme temperature protector of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the C4-plant Cynodon dactylon. |
| Author: Salahas-George; Peslis-Basilios; Georgious-Christos-D {a}; Gavalas-Nikos-A. |
| Source: Phytochemistry-Oxford. Dec., 1997; 46 (8) 1331-1334. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: High concentration (1.25 M) of trehalose fully protects the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, E C 4.1.1.31) from the C4-plant Cynodon dactylon against cold inactivation (at 0degree) and heat inactivation (at 37degree). The concentration of glycerol needed for the same degree of protection was much higher (2.7 M). Phosphates at 100 mM only partially protect the enzyme against cold inactivation and at 60 mM fully protect it against heat inactivation. At temperatures higher than 45degree the enzyme was better protected by trehalose than glycerol or phosphates. |
| Title: Allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. on Cyperus rotundus L. and Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. |
| Author: Babu-R-Chandra {a}; Kandasamy-O-S. |
| Source: Journal-of-Agronomy-and-Crop-Science. 1997; 179 (2) 123-126. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (gum tree) fresh and dried leaf leachates was studied using two perennial weeds, viz. purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers) as test weeds. Aqueous leachate of fresh leaves of eucalyptus significantly suppressed the establishment of vegetative propagules and early seedling growth of the weeds. Leachate of fresh leaf cuttings had growth inhibitory effect on bermuda grass but showed growth promotion effect on purple nutsedge. Similarly the leachate of dried leaves of eucalyptus had differential influence on the growth of the two weeds. There is a possibility to harness the allelochemicals of eucalyptus leaves as herbicides for the management of these perennial weeds. |
| Title: In vitro degradation of coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon) by rumen microorganisms associated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Humicola sp. |
| Author: Malafaia,-P.A.M.; Vieira,-R.A.M.; Silva,-D.O.; de-Campos-Valadares-Filho,-S. |
| Source: Rev.-Microbiol. 1997 vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 261-267. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Ruminal degradation of the dry matter and neutral detergent fiber of coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon) forage, when previously inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Humicola sp., was estimated by in vitro incubation. The potential dry matter degradability was increased in the presence of S. cerevisiae, whereas the incubation with Humicola sp. resulted in improvement of the neutral detergent fiber degradability. The rate of dry matter digestion was enhanced to above 15% with the inoculation with S. cerevisiae. The inoculation with S. cerevisiae or Humicola sp. increased the rate of digestion of the neutral detergent fiber in relation to the control treatment. |
| Title: Common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) management in cool-season turfgrass. |
| Author: Cudney-David-W {a}; Elmore-Clyde-L; Gibeault-Victor-A; Reints-John-S. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1997; 11 (3) 478-483. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Common bermudagrass is an invasive, perennial weed of cool-season turfgrass in California. Complete renovation of the infested area has been the only practical method of restoring desirable cool-season turfgrasses. In studies in southern and northern California, common bermudagrass was suppressed with sequential herbicide applications, allowing seedling establishment and regrowth of established cool-season turfgrass species. One application of fenoxaprop, triclopyr, or their combinations did not control common bermudagrass. Sequential applications of these herbicide treatments resulted in 99, 94, and 100% control of common bermudagrass, respectively, and resulted in establishment of seeded perennial ryegrass in Riverside, CA, over a 2-yr period. Similar results were obtained in the recovery of established tall fescue from a common bermudagrass/tall fescue turfgrass mixture in Willows, CA. Both fenoxaprop and triclopyr can reduce emergence and stunt seedling growth of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. Greenhouse studies showed that stunting and stand loss of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass seedlings could be reduced by delaying applications from PRE to the two-leaf stage. |
| Title: Growth dynamics of Panicum maximum cv. Likoni and Cynodon dactylon cv. 67 association in Cuba. II. Performance during the rainy season. |
| Author: Lazo-J-A; Ruiz-T-E; Febles-G; Diaz-H. |
| Source: Cuban-Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. 1997; 31 (2) 195-201. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The performance of associations of guinea grass cv. Likoni and bermuda grass cv. 67 submitted to different cutting ages was studied. The associations (1 furrow times 1 furrow, 2 furrows times 2 furrows and 3 furrows times 3 furrows) were the main plots while cutting ages (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days) were the subplots. Weeds disappeared in all treatments as cutting age increased and at 45 days values of 0.011, 0.09 and 0.019 t DM/ha were found in the 1 times 1, 2 times 2 associations and the control of bermuda grass, respectively. Weeds in the 3 times 3 treatment and the control of guinea grass disappeared completely. All species in the associations reached maximum yield at 45 days and in the case of guinea grass the 3 times 3 association and the control excelled all others (P lt 0.001) with values of 4.03 and 4.01 t DM/ha, respectively. In bermuda grass the control excelled with 3.09 t DM/ha. Total optimum yield was found in treatments with 3 times 3, 2 times 2 and 1 times 1 as well as with the control of guinea grass and bermuda grass (659, 5.20, 4.96, 4.01 and 3.09 t DM/ha, respectively. Weeds disappeared after 45 days and there was a gradual reduction in yield. It is concluded that the optimum harvesting time during the rainy season is 15 days and the most adequate furrow disposition was 3 times 3. |
| Title: Characterization of purified leaf cytosolic pyruvate kinase from the C4 plant Cynodon dactylon. |
| Author: Zervoudakis-George; Georgiou-Christos-D; Mavroidis-Manolis; Kokolakis-George; Angelopoulos-Kostas. |
| Source: Physiologia-Plantarum. Nov., 1997; 101 (3) 563-569. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Cytosolic pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) from leaves of the C4 plant Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pets. was purified 56-fold to apparent homogeneity by polyethylene glycol fractionation and column chromatography including Q-Sepharose anion exchanger, ADPAgarose and gel filtration. Nondenaturing PAGE of the final preparation resulted in a single protein band that co-migrated with the pyruvate kinase activity. Gel filtration and SDS-PAGE (+- DTT) showed that this enzyme has a molecular mass of 200 kDa and is a homotetramer with a subunit molecular mass of 50 kDa. The subunits are not associated to each other with S-S bonds. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 6.2 and is heat stable. Typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics was obtained for both substrates, PEP and ADP, with Km values of 64 and 235 muM, respectively. Initial velocity studies indicated a sequential binding of the substrates to the enzyme. |
| Title: Effects of two levels of concentrate on milk production of Holstein cows grazing a coast-cross (Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers) pasture. |
| Author: Alvim-Maurilio-Jose {a}; Vilela-Duarte {a}; Lipes-Rogerio-Santos. |
| Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Zootecnia. Sept.-Oct., 1997; 26 (5) 967-975. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementing cows with 3 or 6 kg per day of concentrate containing 23.5% crude protein on the stocking rate and milk production of Holstein cows grazing a coast-cross pasture. The experimental design was randomized blocks with two pasture replications and eight cows per treatment. The study was conducted during the period from April 93 to April 95 and included two dry seasons (April to September) and two rainy seasons (October to April). Rotational grazing management was adopted with one-day grazing and resting periods of 32 and 25 days for the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Adjustments of stocking rates of pasture were obtained using additional cows. The pasture was irrigated during the dry season and fertilized each year with 390 kg/ha N, 90 kg/ha P205 , and 304 kg/ha K20. For the two years, the average amount of available dry matter of the pasture for the cows was 4.5 t/ha during the dry season and 6.7 t/ha during the rainy season, with the available forage maintained at approximately 2.7,t/ha, during the dry season and 3.7 t/ha during the rainy season. The average composition of the available forage was 15.6 and 19.9% CP, 60.7 and 53.1% NDF, and 64.6 and 68.3% IVDMD, respectively, for the dry and rainy seasons. The stocking rates obtained were 3.0 and 3.7 cows/ha during the dry season, and 5.9 and 6.4 cows/ha during the rainy season, respectively, for the 3 and 6 kg of concentrate/cow per day. Milk production, in kg/cow per day, was 16.5 and 19.5 during the dry season and 17.3 and 20.5 during the rainy season, while the average milk production, in kg/ha per day, was 49.5 and 72.1 during the dry season and 102.1 and 13 1.2 during the rainy season, respectively, for cows supplemented with 3 and 6 kg of concentrate per day. The annual gross margins obtained were US819.22 and US839.44 per cow, respectively, for cows supplemented with 3 and 6 kg of concentrate per day. |
| Title: Performance of Leucaena leucocephala sown jointly with different numbers of rows of Cynodon dactylon var. 68. |
| Author: Ruiz-T-E {a}; Febles-G {a}; Rodriguez-O; Zarragoitia-L {a}; Bernal-G {a}; Diaz-L-E. |
| Source: Cuban-Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. 1996; 30 (1) 99-105. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: An experiment was carried out through a random block design with 4 replications in order to evaluate the performance of Leucaena leucocephala var. Peru sown alone in furrows or combined with 2, 3, 4 or 6 rows of Cynodon dactylon var. 68 between the legume furrows. Another treatment was also carried out consisting of sowing 6 rows of grass between Leucaena which should be 60-70 cm high. The yield of Cynodon 68 accumulated in the three samplings showed the highest values (P lt 0.01) with the use of 3 (1137.2 g/DM/m-2) and 4 (1074.4 g/DM/m-2) rows. While, those treatments showed poor weed infestation (59.3 g/DM/m-2 and 87.6 g/DM/m-2, respectively). The poorest performance of Cynodon was observed when sown with Leucaena 60-70 cm high. Sowing all the rows while grass between the Leucaena furrows hampers the planting and cleaning of the grass and legume in the middle of the rows, respectively. Sowing 3 or 4 rows of Cynodon 68 with a 2 disk plowing between Leucaena furrows 4 m apart when Leucaena plants are 8-9 cm high is recommended due to the economical and productive results of these treatments. |
| Title: Taxonomy of Cynodon dactylon types in East China and their turfgrass quality. |
| Author: Liu-Jian-Xiu-He-Shan-An {a}; Liu-Yong-Dong; Chen-Shou-Liang. |
| Source: Journal-of-Plant-Resources-and-Environment. 1996; 5 (3) 18-22. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Q clustering analysis was carried on 88 accessions from 34 sites of East China based on 19 morphological characters. The result shows that five types of C. dactylon can be distinguished, i. e. dwarf-fine type, dwarf-thick type, slanting-fine type, slanting-thick type and erect type. The result of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that the vegetative characters are the major characters in morphological classification of C. dactylon. Turfgrass quality of five types of C. dactylon is ranked as followings: dwarf-fine type gt dwarf-thick type gt slanting-fine type gt slanting-thick type gt erect type. |
| Title: The effect of temperature on sprouting early establishment of Cynodon dactylon. |
| Author: Satorre-E-H; Rizzo-F-A; Arias-S-P. |
| Source: Weed-Research. 1996; 36 (5) 431-440. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Bud-sprouting dynamics, sprouting base temperature and reserve mobilization of rhizomes and stolons of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. were characterized in a laboratory experiment under dark conditions. In addition, the dynamics of sprout emergence were determined during 2 years under field conditions. In the laboratory experiment, buds from the vegetative structures did not sprout at temperatures below 7 degree C. The rate of sprouting increased with temperature within the range 11-33 degree C, and a base temperature of 7.71 degree C was determined for bud sprouting of rhizome and stolons of the weed. An exponential model is proposed relating the percentage of sprout emergence in the field to accumulated thermal units, calculated as the sum of the daily mean air temperature above the base temperature of bud sprouting. This model satisfactorily predicted the dynamics of C. dactylon sprout emergence in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crop fields. The efficiency of carbohydrate reserve use during sprout growth was highly dependent on temperature and type of vegetative structure. The efficiency was maximum at 20 degree C and was higher for rhizomes than for stolons. The main factors influencing bud sprouting and early weed establishment are discussed. |
| Title: Reduced rates of preemergence and postemergence herbicides for large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). |
| Author: Johnson-B-Jack. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1996; 44 (3) 585-590. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Sequential applications of preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides were applied over a two-year period for large crabgrass and goosegrass control in common bermudagrass. Large crabgrass control was better when prodiamine at 0.3 kg ai ha-1 or oryzalin at 0.8 kg ai ha-1 were applied in late February, and followed by MSMA at 1.1 kg ai ha-1 in June than when prodiamine (0.8 kg ha-1) or oryzalin (2.4 kg ha-1) were applied at recommended rates. Goosegrass control was better when prodiamine was applied at 0.3 kg ha-1 followed by MSMA plus metribuzin at 2.2 + 0.1 kg ai ha-1, or when oryzalin was applied at 1.7 kg ha-1 followed by MSMA plus metribuzin at 1.1 + 0.1 kg ha-1 than when prodiamine was applied at 0.8 kg ha-1 or oryzalin was applied at 3.3 kg ha-1. There was no increase in goosegrass control when diclofop was applied in sequence after prodiamine or oryzalin compared to diclofop alone. POST applications of diclofop, MSMA, and MSMA plus metribuzin did not injure common bermudagrass more severely when applied to plots previously treated with prodiamine and oryzalin than with POST herbicides alone. |
| Title: Tank-mixed postemergence herbicides for large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) turf. |
| Author: Johnson-B-Jack. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1996; 10 (4) 716-721. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: A two-year experiment was conducted to determine if tank-mixes of postemergence (POST) herbicides would consistently control large crabgrass and goosegrass in common bermudagrass turf compared to herbicide alone treatments. Tank-mixes of MSMA plus quinclorac at 2.2 + 0.6 kg/ha effectively controlled large crabgrass ( gtoreq 81%) for 10 to 11 weeks during 1993 and 1994. The control from MSMA plus dithiopyr at 2.2 + 0.3 kg/ha was higher during this period than when each herbicide was applied alone at the same rate. There was no increase in large crabgrass control from tank-mixes of MSMA and diclofop applied in a single application, when compared with two applications of MSMA applied at 2.2 kg/ha. Goosegrass control at 9 wk after tank-mixed treatments of MSMA (2.2 kg/ha) and diclofop ( gtoreq 0.3 kg/ha) in 1994 was lower (12 to 28%) than when diclofop at 1.1 kg/ha was applied alone (85%). Tank-mixes of MSMA with quinclorac or dithiopyr did not control goosegrass. In general, common bermudagrass injury was no higher from herbicide combinations than when each was applied higher from tank-mixes of MSMA plus diclofop at 2.2 + 1.1 kg/ha, than when either herbicide was applied alone. An exception occurred at 1 wk after treatment in 1993 when common bermudagrass injury was alone. |
| Title: Studies on the diuretic and antimicrobial activity of Cynodon dactylon essential oil. |
| Author: Artizzu-N; Bonsignore-L; Cottiglia-F; Loy-G. |
| Source: Fitoterapia-. 1996; 67 (2) 174-176. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon): A history of the weed and its control in Israel. |
| Author: Horowitz-Menashe. |
| Source: Phytoparasitica-. 1996; 24 (4) 305-320. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) is a perennial grass, common and endemic in Israel. The expansion and intensification of agriculture which started in the region at the beginning of this century, induced severe infestation by bermudagrass, particularly in fruit orchards and irrigated fields. The characteristics of the weed are discussed. Methods for control of bermudagrass were developed gradually over the years by local farmers: from 'bahar' (manual removal of rhizomes from the soil) to deep plowing and serial cultivation. Since active herbicides became available in Israel (1960s) approximately 20 registered herbicides and mixtures have been used effectively against bermudagrass in most agricultural and industrial situations. Although herbicides are accepted at present for bermudagrass control by most farmers, it is important to re-assess alternative measures which were developed locally. |
| Title: Allelopathic impact of purple nut sedge (Cyperus rotundus) and bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) on soybean (Glycine max). |
| Author: Velu-G; Rajagopal-Aruna. |
| Source: Indian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences. 1996; 66 (6) 363-365. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Comparison of fall versus spring applications of sulfometuron for common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) release. |
| Author: Taylor-James-M; Coats-G-Euel. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1996; 10 (4) 947-950. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate effects of application timing and sulfometuron rate on weed control and bermudagrass tolerance. Sulfometuron was applied at rates from 13 to 105 g al/ha an compared to 1120 g ae/ha 2,4-D amine. Control of Italian ryegrass and common vetch was not affected by October, November, December, or March application dates and 39 to 105 g/ha sulfometuron provided equivalent control of both species 6 mo after the initial treatment. Percent green cover of bermudagrass at 6 mo after the initial treatment was 22% or less following March applications compared to 36% or greater when applied in October, November, or December. More bermudagrass injury occurred following March treatments of 52 g/ha or greater sulfometuron where green cover was 14% and less compared to 22 and 30% green cover following 13 g/ha sulfometuron or 1120 g/ha 2,4-D amine, respectively. |
| Title: Influence of fenoxaprop and ethofumesate treatments on suppression of common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) turf. |
| Author: Johnson-B-Jack; Carrow-Robert-N. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1995; 9 (4) 789-793. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Experiments were conducted over a 3-yr period to determine the rate and frequency of herbicide application needed to control common bermudagrass growing in a tall fescue turf. In Experiment 1, fenoxaprop plus ethofumesate applied at 0.2 + 1.7 kg/ha in late April and repeated at the same rate at 3- to 4-wk intervals for a total of five applications resulted in excellent ( gt 97%) common bermudagrass suppression. The suppression was higher from combination of fenoxaprop and ethofumesate than when fenoxaprop was applied at 0.2 kg/ha in five applications ( lt 67%). In Experiment 11, fenoxaprop plus ethofumesate applied at 0.2 + 1.7 kg/ha required four applications per year to effectively suppress common bermudagrass (95%) in 1993, but five applications were needed to obtain similar suppression (96%) in 1994. Tifway bermudagrass was not suppressed during 1994 when fenoxaprop plus ethofumesate were applied at 0.2 + 1.7 kg/ha in each of five applications (30%). In most instances, fenoxaprop plus ethofumesate applied at 0.2 + 1.7 kg/ha caused only slight to moderate ( lt 30%) injury to tall fescue for 1 to 2 wk after treatment. When injury occurred, it was temporary as the turf fully recovered within 2 to 3 wk after treatment. An exception occurred in early July 1992 when fenoxaprop plus ethofumesate caused 44% injury to tall fescue after the four applications. |
| Title: Morphology and phenology of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae) in Italy. |
| Author: Speranza-Maria. |
| Source: Webbia-. 1995; 49 (2) 225-237. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: We describe the morphology and phenology of C. dactylon (L.) Pers. in Italian territory. Morphological variability was studied in individuals coming from fifty-eight populations from fifteen regions of Italy. Phenology was studied in seventy populations from these same regions. Both morphological and phenological observations were carried out one year after the transplantation of the collected material to the Botanic Garden of Bologna University. All specimens under study were grown under the same conditions. The morphological characters regarding the vegetative and reproductive structures have quite wide variability intervals. We recognized two main morphotypes, different in size and habit, randomly distributed in Italian territory. Phenological behaviour, in particular the onset of vegetative activity and the production time of new stolons at the beginning of spring, depends on the climatic conditions of the places of provenance. Although the morphological and phenological differences discussed here are not significant from a taxonomic point of view, they may however have important consequences regarding the control of the species. |
| Title: Nutritional evaluation of dub grass (Cynodon dactylon) for goats. |
| Author: Verma-A-K; Verma-D-N; Salim-M. |
| Source: Indian-Veterinary-Medical-Journal. 1995; 19 (4) 284-285. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Effect of grazing on nutritive value of Cynodon dactylon at Barbigha. |
| Author: Munger, Bihar and Prasad,-S. |
| Source: ENVIRON.-ECOL. 1995 vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 462-464. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The study was carried out on the grasslands dominated by Cynodon dactylon to understand the effect of grazing on chemical composition of C. dactylon in rainy, winter and summer seasons. The nutritive value of C. dactylon, that is, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract, phosphorus, calcium and potassium were found higher on grazed grassland compared to protected grassland except crude fiber and ash. |
| Title: Liveweight gain of grazing steers on bermudagrass swards (Cynodon dactylon L.) combined with several temperate grass swards and white clover swards. |
| Author: Kanno-Tsutomu {a}; Fukuyama-Masataka {a}; Sato-Setsuro; Nakanishi-Naoto. |
| Source: Grassland-Science. 1995; 41 (2) 133-139. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Seasonal fluctuation of herbage production and animal production were investigated on a pasture (total area, 2.0 ha) consisting of a bermudagrass swards (0.42 ha), temperate grass swards (total area, 0.98 ha) and the white clover swards (0.60 ha). The experimental pasture was divided into 17 apprx 20 paddocks, and grazed rotationally by 12 steers from April until October in 1991 and 1992. In summer (late July apprx mid-September), the steers were divided into two herds (Herd and Herd II) that each had six steers. Herd II was grazed on the bermudagrass swards and a part of the white clover swardthe (0.18 ha), Herd I was grazed on the remaining part of the experimental pasture. While productivity of the temperate grass swards declined in summer, the bermudagrass sward supplied sufficient forage to make up for the summer depression of temperate species. As a result, daily liveweight gains of both Herd I and Herd II were high not only in summer (0.75 apprx 0.84 kg) but also in the whole grazing season (0.59 apprx 0.63 kg) in the two years. These results indicated the advantages of combining the bermudagrass swards with the temperate grass swards. |
| Title: Cynodon dactylon: An alternative host for Sporisorium sorghi, the causal organism of sorghum covered smut. |
| Author: Marley-P-S. |
| Source: Crop-Protection. 1995; 14 (6) 491-493. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Plants of Cynodon dactylon (a weed) showing covered smut symptoms caused by Sporisorium sorghi were collected from fields used for sorghum cultivation. Teliospores from the samples were used to inoculate seeds of 20 sorghum lines before planting. Nineteen of these showed infection of varying intensity. Local lines Mori, Short Kaura (SK 5912), Singe 1 and Singe 2 were heavily smutted, as were the exotic lines ICSV 111, ICSV 554, ICSV 655, IS-9928 and 85-4-BF. ICSV 1002 was highly resistant. This is the first report of C. dactylon being an alternative host of S. sorghi. |
| Title: Seasonal changes in production and nutrient content of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. subjected to water deficits. |
| Author: Utrillas,-M.J.; Alegre,-L.; Simon,-E. |
| Source: PLANT-SOIL 1995 vol. 175, no. 1, pp. 153-157. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Seasonal changes in water relations, production and mineral composition were studied in a sward of Cynodon dactylon (L). Pers. subjected to water deficits during a dry summer, and at recovery in autumn. The experiment was carried out under Mediterranean field conditions. Water deficits during summer reduced total dry matter production by 60%, but in autumn there were no differences between treatments. Compared to well-watered sward, the sward grown under drought showed an increase in potassium, calcium and nitrogen of 55, 10 and 10% respectively. These differences decreased with the arrival of autumn rains. Leaf osmotic potential ( psi sub(p)) fell during the dry summer to -2.8 MPa in well-watered plants and to -4.2 MPa in stressed plants. In autumn there were no differences between treatments. Nevertheless, relative water content (RWC) only decreased to 0.86 in droughted plants. In summer potassium contributed to the osmotic adjustment. In contrast, under water deficits a decrease of 71% in sodium and, to a lesser but significant extent decreases in phosphorus, magnesium and chlorine was observed. Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur showed low concentrations during summer and increased in autumn. |
| Title: Control of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
| Author: Satao-R-N; Tayade-A-S; Murarkar-S-R. |
| Source: Crop-Research-Hisar. 1995; 10 (2) 216-220. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The field experiment conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.) during the kharif season of 1993-94 on control of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. @ 1.84 and 2.76 kg a.i. ha-1 in combination with digging controlled Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Treatment digging at 20 cm depth + 2nd spraying of glyphosate @ 2.76 a.i. ha-1 + 3rd spraying of glyphosate @ 2.76 kg a.i. ha -1 recorded minimum dry wt. of rhizome, total dry weight of weeds, WCE and uptake of NPK by weeds, respectively. |
| Title: Comparison of postemergence herbicides for common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) control in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). |
| Author: Grichar-W-James. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1995; 9 (4) 825-828. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Field experiments conducted from 1990 through 1993 evaluated single and sequential applications of various postemergence graminicides for common bermudagrass control in peanut. UBI-1956 at 70 and 100 g/ha applied early POST (EP) or sequentially, controlled common bermudagrass equivalent to fluazifop-P applied EP or sequentially. Clethodim provided variable common bermudagrass control. Clethodim applied EP provided better control than sethoxydim while control from sequential clethodim applications were equivalent to fluazifop-P. Fenoxaprop-ethyl alone failed to control common bermudagrass while the addition of fluazifop-P to fenoxaprop-ethyl improved control at least 22% in two of three years. Quizalofop applied EP and fenoxaprop applied sequentially provided common bermudagrass control equivalent to fluazifop-P. Fenoxaprop-ethyl or sethoxydim applied once or twice controlled common bermudagrass similarly. Peanut yield increases from common bermudagrass control were erratic. |
| Title: Chromosome number in Cynodon dactylon in relation to ecological conditions. |
| Author: De-Silva-P-H-A-U {a}; Snaydon-R-W. |
| Source: Annals-of-Botany-London. 1995; 76 (5) 535-537. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Populations of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pets. were collected from three habitat types (roadsides, lawns and paddy-fields) within each of five climatic regions (arid, dry, inter-mediate, wet and hill country) in Sri Lanka. Further populations were collected from forests and grasslands in the hill country. Most populations contained only tetraploid plants (2n = 36), but populations from roadsides and lawns in the wet region, and from forests in the hill country, contained only diploid plants (2n = 18). Populations from paddy-fields in the wet region contained both tetraploid and diploid plants. N triploid plants were found in any environment, despite the fact that C. dactylon predominantly reproduces vegetatively by both stolons and rhizomes. Soil acidity seems to be the main factor determining the distribution of the two cytotypes. |
| Title: A study on combinations of Cynodon dactylon cv. 67 and Panicum maximum cv. Likoni during the establishment. |
| Author: Lazo-J-A; Ruiz-T-E; Febles-G; Diaz-H. |
| Source: Cuban-Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. 1995; 29 (1) 95-99. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: A random block design with 3 replications for studying the establishment of guinea grass likoni (Panicum maximum cv Likoni), Coast cross bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon cv 67) and three combinations of the number of rows of each one of the species (1 times 1; 2 times 2 and 3 times 3) was used. The combination of 3 rows of guinea grass and 3 of bermuda grass was the highest yielding (P lt 0.05) with 2852 kg DM/ha. This result was 57% higher than the bermuda grass control (1109 kg DM/ha) and 10% higher than the guinea grass control (2814 kg DM/ha). The botanical composition of guinea grass varied between 63.3 and 68% in the three combinations and 100% in the guinea grass control 176 days after sowing. In the case of bermuda grass and weeds they represented less than 50% of the plot area in the combinations and 50% in the bermuda grass control. It is concluded that the combination 3 times 3 was the one which showed best results and the grazing evaluation under different soil and climatic conditions, is suggested. |
| Title: Tolerance of four seeded common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) types to herbicides. |
| Author: Johnson-B-Jack. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1995; 9 (4) 794-800. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The tolerance of four established seeded common bermudagrass types to PRE and POST herbicides was evaluated. Pendimethalin at 3.4 kg ai/ha, oryzalin at 3.4 kg ai/ha, and dithiopyr at 0.8 kg ai/ha suppressed the quality of bermudagrass 8 to 16% more than oxadiazon at 4.5 kg ai/ha and prodiamine at 0.8 kg ai/ha. When interactions of PRE herbicide by bermudagrass cultivars occurred, oxadiazon, prodiamine, and pendimethalin suppressed the quality of 'common' and 'Sahara' 18 to 20% more than 'Tropica'; oryzalin suppressed the quality of common and Sahara 11 to 18% more than Tropica; and dithiopyr suppressed the quality of common and Sahara 9% more than Tropic and 'Cheyenne.' The quality of Cheyenne treated with either oxadiazon, prodiamine, or pendimethalin was generally intermediate to the other cultivars. When POST herbicides by bermudagrass cultivar interactions occurred, MSMA plus metribuzin applied at 2.2 + 0.1 kg ai/ha injured common and Sahara an average of 10 to 12% higher than Tropica during 1993 and 1994. Diclofop applied at 1.1 kg ai/ha and dicamba applied at 0.6 kg ae/ha injured common 9 to 12% higher than Tropica. There was no difference in injury to cultivars when treated with 2,4-D plus mecoprop plus dicamba at 1.1 + 0.6 + 0.1 kg ae/ha. In general, Tropica was affected least by PRE and POST herbicide treatments, while common and Sahara cultivars were affected the most. |
| Title: Characterization of the isoforms of the group I allergen of Cynodon dactylon. |
| Author: Chang,-Zo-Nan; Liu,-Chia-Chen; Tam,-Ming-F.; Peng,-Ho-Jen; Tsai,-Jaw-Ji; Han,-Shou-Hwa*. |
| Source: J.-ALLERGY-CLIN.-IMMUNOL. 1995 vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 1206-1214. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The group I allergen of Cynodon dactylon, Cyn d I, was found to consist of four to 10 isoforms. We studied the isoforms with the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The antigenic difference of the isoforms was evaluated by radioimmunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The acidic isoforms and the basic and neutral isoforms were further isolated by MAb-affinity chromatography for RAST and competitive RAST. In addition, the N-terminal sequence was evaluated by microsequencing. A total of 11 isoforms were found in Cyn d I in extracts prepared from different sources of Bermuda grass pollen (BGP). They were either acidic (Cyn d I-A, I-B, I-C, I-D, I-E, I-F, I-G, I-H, and I-I), neutral (Cyn d I-X), or basic (Cyn d I-J). Cyn d I-G, with an isoelectric point of approximately 6.4, was constantly present in all the pollen preparations, whereas the content of the basic Cyn d I-J varied from less than 5% to greater than 20%. The molecular weight of the basic and neutral isoforms were slightly lower than those of the acidic isoforms. All isoforms shared a common antigenic determinant(s) recognizable by MAb 4-37, and the basic and neutral isoforms possessed a unique antigenic determinant(s) recognizable by MAb 1-61. RAST showed that both the acidic Cyn d I and the basic and neutral Cyn d I were recognized by human IgE in the pooled sera of persons allergic to BGP. Competitive RAST showed a high crossreactivity between the acidic and the basic and neutral isoforms. A 95% sequence identity also existed between the N-terminal 20 amino acid residues of basic Cyn d I-J and the dominant acidic isoform Cyn d I-G. The present study disclosed that basic Cyn d I-J is an important allergen and that the content of this isoform varies in different lots of BGP. |
| Title: Characteristics of Net Primary Production of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) under Intensive Grazing Conditions, Compared with Lolium times Festuca Hybrid (Lolium multiflorum Lam times Festuca elatior L). |
| Author: Kanno-Tsutomu {a}; Fukuyama-Masataka; Sato-Setsuro. |
| Source: Nippon-Sochi-Gakkai-Shi. 1994; 40 (3) 283-293. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: This study was conducted to clarify the dry matter productivity of winter hardiness cultivar of bermudagrass on its northern growing boundary in Japan. Net primary production (NPP) was compared between 0.047 ha bermudagrass (Ber: cv. Brazos) sward and 0.14 ha Loliumx times Festuca hybrid (F1: cv. Tandem) sward under intensive grazing for two years. Both swards were a part of total 2.0 ha pasture grazed by 12 steers. From April until mid-July, F1 sward was grazed rotationally by all steers. From late July until mid-September, the steers were divided into two herds composed of each six steers; one herd grazed F1 sward, and the other herd grazed Ber sward. Grazing capacity was 645-938 cow days per ha on F1 sward, and 215-307 cow days per ha on Ber sward. NPP was estimated as the sum of DELTA-B (accumulation of biomass during the grazing period), SIGMA-LWL (annual amount of decomposed litter), SIGMA-G (annual herbage intake) and SIGMA-R (annual production of underground organs). Amount of litter production (LP) was estimated as sum of SIGMA-LWL and dead plant part among DELTA-B. On F1 sward, NPP was 2,052 g/m-2, on the average of two years. Fifty two % of NPP (1,065 g/m-2) was consumed by the steers (SIGMA-G), and 41% (847 g/m-2) was transferred to the soil (LP). On the experimental site, shoot elongation of Ber commenced in early April. Grazing season on Ber sward was two months, from late July until mid-September. On Ber sward, NPP was 1,274 g/m-2 on the average of two years. Sixty three % of NPP (799 g/m-2) was consumed by the steers (DELTA-G), and 16% (206 g/m-2) was transferred to the soil (LP). SIGMA-G on Ber sward was equivalent to as much as 75% of that on F1 sward. Dry matter production of Ber sward predominated during summer, when herbage production on F1 sward was at the lowest level during the grazing period because of summer depression. From these results, we concluded that winter hardiness cultivar of bermudagrass provided relatively high productivity even on the northern limit of the species, and supplemented to summer depression of temperate grasses. |
| Title: Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) sod rooting as influenced by preemergence herbicides. |
| Author: Fishel-Frederick-M {a}; Coats-G-Euel. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1994; 8 (1) 46-49. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: The influence of PRE herbicides on rooting characteristics of bermudagrass turfgrass was studied using sod plugs removed from the field. Greenhouse root fresh weight was reduced the greatest with dithiopyr or prodiamine. Pendimethalin caused fewer fresh weight reductions compared to dithiopyr or prodiamine and these reductions were usually for a short period. Root weight loss was due to lower root density and root malformation. Significant numbers of malformed roots were also observed for greater periods of time where dithiopyr or prodiamine had been applied. |
| Title: Antimicrobial activity of Cynodon dactylon. |
| Author: Ahmed-S {a}; Reza-M-S; Haider-S-S; Jabbar-A. |
| Source: Fitoterapia-. 1994; 65 (5) 463-464. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Influence of diclofop and dithiopyr on spring transition of a Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) green overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). |
| Author: Johnson-B-Jack. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1994; 8 (2) 207-211. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Diclofop and dithiopyr were applied in April and early May during 1992 and 1993, to a 'Tifway' bermudagrass golf green overseeded with perennial ryegrass, to determine the effects of rates and dates on perennial ryegrass injury and on transition from a mixed cool- and warm-season grass to bermudagrass turf. Diclofop applied as a single application at 0.6 kg/ha or two applications at 0.3 kg/ha during April and/or early May gradually reduced perennial ryegrass during June and July when compared with untreated turf. During this period, both grasses treated with diclofop maintained 94% or greater cover. However, perennial ryegrass was moderately to severely injured from the treatments. Maximum injury from the 0.6 kg/ha rate ranged from 40 to 55% during 1992 and 29 to 33% during 1993. The injury was pronounced over a period of one to three weeks. Maximum injury from 0.3 kg/ha applied on April 3 and repeated at the same rate on April 17 was 28% in 1992 and 37% in 1993. Perennial ryegrass injury from split applications was lower than from the single 0.6 kg/ha rate in 1992. The optimum time and rate for effective spring transition with least amount of perennial rye-grass injury was 0.3 kg/ha applied on April 5 and repeated at the same rate on April 17. Dithiopyr did not affect the spring transition of overseeded perennial ryegrass to bermudagrass. regardless of rate and application date. |
| Title: Influence of norflurazon induced chlorosis on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay production. |
| Author: Smith-Albert-E {a}; McLean-Henry. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1994; 8 (3) 508-511. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Research was conducted in central Georgia to determine the influence of norflurazon on bermudagrass stand and production when applied to newly sprigged bermudagrass and in the spring to dormant bermudagrass. Norflurazon at rates up to 1.12 kg ai/ha on newly sprigged bermudagrass caused moderate chlorosis to the emerging leaves but did not adversely influence stand density or ground cover at 60 and 90 days after treatment (DAT). Norflurazon applied to dormant bermudagrass the spring of 1993 resulted in greater than 50% foliage chlorosis at rates gtoreq 1.68 kg/ha. Foliage chlorosis was 94% on bermudagrass treated with 3.36 kg/ha 30 DAT and at spring growth initiation. However, chlorosis level was reduced when bermudagrass began rapid growth. Forage production was not influenced by the early season chlorosis when compared to nontreated areas or areas treated with diuron at 1.12 kg/ha and the weed free check. Nomenclature: Diuron, (N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea); norflurazon (4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazone); bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
| Title: Tank-mixed herbicides on large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control in common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) turf. |
| Author: Johnson-B-Jack. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1994; 42 (2) 216-221. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Tank-mix combinations of PRE and POST herbicides were applied to control emerged large crabgrass and goosegrass in common bermudagrass turf. Large crabgrass control was better when MSMA at 2.2 kg ai ha-1 was tank mixed with either pendimethalin at 1.7 kg ai ha-1 ( ltoreq 85 %) or dithiopyr at 0.3 kg ai ha-1 ( ltoreq 94%), when compared with MSMA at 2.2 kg ai ha-1 ( ltoreq 50%) alone. When MSMA plus metribuzin at 2.2 + 0.14 kg ai ha-1 was tank mixed with pendimethalin in 1992, large crabgrass control was better ( gtoreq 96 %) than when MSMA plus metribuzin was applied alone ( ltoreq 73%). Quinclorac applied alone at 0.8 kg ai ha-1 controlled gtoreq 94 % large crabgrass, but control with diclofop was 32 %. There was no increase in control when either quinclorac or diclofop was tank mixed with any PRE herbicide. Methyl ester of diclofop applied alone at 1.1 kg ai ha-1 provided 97 % control of goosegrass at one location, but control was ltoreq 62% at two other locations. Goosegrass control was better when diclofop at 1.1 kg ha-1 was tank mixed with dithiopyr at 0.6 kg ha-1 ( gtoreq 77%) than when either diclofop ( ltoreq 62%) or dithiopyr ( ltoreq 50 %) was applied alone. Goosegrass control was consistently better across years from combinations of dithiopyr plus diclofop at 0.6 + 1.1 kg ha-1 (82 %) than from combinations of MSMA plus metribuzin with dithiopyr (34%) or pendimethalin (53%). Common bermudagrass injury at Griffin-Spalding Golf Course in 1991 was higher at 1 wk after combination treatments of MSMA plus metribuzin with dithiopyr (46 to 54 %) or pendimethalin (50 %) than with MSMA plus metribuzin applied alone (26 %). Injury from the combinations was higher from single MSMA plus metribuzin treatment for 4 wk. Similar results occurred at the Georgia Station in 1992 from combinations of dithiopyr with MSMA plus metribuzin. |
| Title: Interference of two kyllinga species (Kyllinga nemoralis and Kyllinga brevifolia) on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) growth. |
| Author: Kawabata-Osamu {a}; Nishimoto-Roy-K {a}; Tang-Chung-Shih. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1994; 8 (1) 83-86. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: The influence of green kyllinga and white kyllinga on common bermudagrass growth was compared by planting one to three green or white kyllinga rhizomes with two bermudagrass stolons. White kyllinga reduced bermudagrass shoot fresh weight to 56% of the control, but green kyllinga did not reduce bermudagrass shoot fresh weight significantly. Increased planting densities of both kyllinga species linearly increased kyllinga shoot fresh weight and decreased bermudagrass shoot fresh weight similarly. White kyllinga produced more leaf fresh weight, leaf area, and roots and rhizomes than green kyllinga, which produced more shoots and inflorescences. |
| Title: Smutgrass (Sporobolus indicus) Control in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf with Triazine-MSMA Applications. |
| Author: Nishimoto-Roy-K; Murdoch-Charles-L. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1994; 8 (4) 836-839. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Two or three applications of MSMA applied alone were ineffective in controlling smutgrass in common bermudagrass turf. Where atrazine at 2.2 kg ai/ha or simazine at 2.2 kg/ha was followed by two or three MSMA applications at 2.2 or 4.5 kg/ha, smutgrass control was increased. Metribuzin followed by two or three applications of MSMA was only slightly better than MSMA applied alone. Up to 35% injury to bermudagrass was observed 2 wk after the initial MSMA or the MSMA-triazine treatment, but complete recovery was evident 2 to 4 wk later, even with one or two follow-up MSMA applications at weekly intervals. Bermudagrass injury from the application of triazines followed with MSMA did not differ from MSMA applied alone in two of three experiments. In one experiment, atrazine or metribuzin followed with MSMA applications caused 10 to 25% more bermudagrass injury than MSMA applied alone. |
| Title: Plasticity in morphology and biomass allocation in Cynodon dactylon, a grass species forming stolons and rhizomes. |
| Author: Dong,-M.; De-Kroon,-H. |
| Source: OIKOS 1994 vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 99-106. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: Stolons and rhizomes may be important for the placement of leaves and roots in new microhabitats (foraging), as well as for the storage of resources. In a species which forms both types of structures, such as Cynodon dactylon, both such functions could be combined in a single structure, or rhizomes and stolons could exert different functions. We examine these functions in C. dactylon, by investigating plasticity in morphology and biomass allocation in response to variation in light and nutrient availability. Both stolon and rhizome branching intensities were reduced in response to lower light and lower nutrient levels. Stolons and their internodes elongated greatly under lower light levels, but slightly shorter under lower nutrient levels. The lengths of rhizomes and their internodes did not respond significantly to nutrient availability. Only at low light levels did the plant form orthotropic shoots. Rhizomes failed to develop, and biomass allocation to stolons was slightly lower under low compared to high light intensity. The morphology of stolons was more responsive than the morphology of rhizomes to resource supply. Biomass allocation to stolons, however, was less variable than allocation to rhizomes in response to light and nutrient treatments. These results support the contention that stolons enable C. dactylon to forage for light while rhizomes serve as organs for storage of resources and meristems. These results are interpreted in terms of the efficiency of exploitation of light patches within the habitat of C. dactylon, and the ability to survive after unpredictable disturbances. |
| Title: Use of tillage to control Cynodon dactylon under small-scale farming conditions. |
| Author: Phillips-M-C. |
| Source: Crop-Protection. 1993; 12 (4) 267-272. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: In experiments over 3 years at two sites in south-eastern Botswana, mouldboard ploughing in winter when the soil was dry and then in spring before planting, or twice in spring, after the first rain and again before planting, were compared with single ploughing before planting sorghum for their effects on the regrowth of the perennial grass Cynodon dactylon and sorghum grain yield. The effects of tine cultivation just before planting were also measured in combination with the three ploughing regimes. On average, the winter and spring double-ploughing treatment reduced grass regrowth during that season by 60% and double spring ploughing by 33% compared with a single pass. Mean grain or stover yield increases resulting from these treatments were 52 and 43%, respectively. In one season the use of the tine cultivator reduced grass regrowth and increased grain yield; in the others it had no effect. The residual effects of the treatments were also measured. Significant effects on grass growth of one double ploughing were measured up to 4 years later. A possible explanation for the mode of action of double ploughing is proposed and potential benefits to small-scale farmers discussed. |
| Title: Effect of commonly used turfgrass herbicides on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) root growth. |
| Author: Fishel-Frederick-M; Coats-G-Euel. |
| Source: Weed-Science. 1993; 41 (4) 641-647. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Experiments were conducted in 1990 and 1991 to determine bioavailability of PRE herbicides at three soil profile depths and two soil types in established common bermudagrass sods. Prodiamine and oryzalin reduced 'Tifgreen' bermudagrass root growth in the 5- to 7.5-cm layer of a Bosket very fine sandy loam soil at 2 and 4 wk after treatment in 1991. These herbicides decreased bermudagrass root weight in both the Bosket and Marietta sandy clay loam both years in samples taken from the 2.5- to 5-cm depth layer. In the 0- to 2.5-cm soil layer, all herbicides reduced root weight in 1990. In a bioassay, prodiamine caused decreased Tifgreen bermudagrass root growth at concentrations as low as 4 ppb by wt in the very fine sandy loam soil, while 8 ppb was necessary in the sandy clay loam soil. Prodiamine was detected in the very fine sandy loam at 4 wk after treatment at all depths in 1991 (65, 45, and 39 ppb in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively). Oryzalin was also detected at all depths in 1991 when sampled at 2 and 4 wk after treatment in the very fine sandy loam. Pendimethalin was present in concentrations of 38, 39, and 37 ppb in the sandy clay loam at 2 wk after treatment in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and the 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively. Pendimethalin was also detected in the very fine sandy loam at 2 wk after treatment at concentrations of 55, 69, and 36 ppb in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively. Nomenclature: Oryzalin, 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide; pendimethalin, N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine; prodiamine, N,N-di-n-propyl-2,4-dinitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-m-phenylenediamine; common bermudagrass, Cynodon dactyion (L.) Pers.; hybrid bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. times C. transvaalensis 'Tifgreen'. |
| Title: Soil moisture relations and critical period of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (coastal bermudagrass) competition in conservation-tillage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). |
| Author: Vencill-W-K {a}; Giraudo-L-J; Langdale-G-W. |
| Source: Weed-Research. 1993; 33 (1) 89-96. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Field experiments were established at the Southern Piedmont Research facility near Watkinsville, GA (Georgia, USA) during 1989 and 1990 to assess the critical period of interspecific interference between different Cynodon dactylon (coastal bermudagrass) densities and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in a conservation-tillage system. Cotton was exposed to coastal bermudagrass for 0, 4, 7, 10 and 25 weeks. Cotton height, yield, and soil volumetric water content was determined by time domain reflectometry. Cotton height and yields were significantly reduced by exposure to coastal bermudagrass and reduction in cotton productivity increased with increasing coastal bermudagrass density. Soil volumetric water content decreased in the upper 30 cm of soil with increasing coastal bermudagrass density. The critical period of coastal bermudagrass in cotton was determined to be 4 to 7 weeks after planting. |
| Title: Sequential herbicide treatments for large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) turf. |
| Author: Johnson-B-Jack. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1993; 7 (3) 674-680. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides were sequentially applied to common bermudagrass over a two-year period to determine the lowest herbicide rates required to maintain acceptable large crabgrass and goosegrass control. Large crabgrass control was consistently higher in late August when MSMA at 2.2 kg ha-1 was applied to plots previously treated with dithiopyr at 0.3 kg ha-1 (99%) in 1991, and either pendimethalin at 1.1 kg ha-1 (95%) or oxadiazon at 1.1 kg ha-1 (94%) in 1992 than when either herbicide was applied alone ( ltoreq 79%). Goosegrass control was also higher in late August when MSMA plus metribuzin at 2.0 + 0.14 kg ha-1 was applied to plots treated with pendimethalin at 1.7 kg ha-1 (71 %) in 1991, with oxadiazon at ltoreq 2.2 kg ha-1 ( ltoreq 89%) in 1992, and with dithiopyr at 0.4 kg ha-1 ( ltoreq 96%) both years than when the herbicides were applied alone. Diclofop at 1.1 kg ha-1 applied alone as POST controlled gtoreq 96% goosegrass throughout the two-year period. |
| Title: Anticonvulsant activity of aqueous ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon. |
| Author: Odenigbo-G-Obi {a}; Awachie-P-Ifeacho. |
| Source: Fitoterapia-. 1993; 64 (5) 447-449. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: The aqueous ethanolic extract of C. dactylon contains significant amounts of amino acids. This extract exhibited activity against MES-induced seizures in adult mice. |
| Title: Response of Cynodon dactylon to prolonged water deficits under saline conditions. |
| Author: Devitt-D-A {a}; Bowman-D-C; Schulte-P-J. |
| Source: Plant-and-Soil. 1993; 148 (2) 239-251. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Competition for available water resources in both arid and semi-arid locations has led to greater scrutiny of turfgrass irrigation. Irrigation management strategies, including deficit irrigation, need further investigation. The objective of this research was to determined the physiological response of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) to prolonged water deficits under saline conditions. Bermudagrass was grown in large columns packed with three different soil types (sandy loam, silt loam and clay). Synthesized saline irrigation water was applied at three different salinity levels (1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 dS/m). Two previous experiments that were conducted with these columns over a 3.5 year period led to differential profile salinization in all 27 columns. At the end of this 3.5 year period, all irrigations were terminated and plant growth and water status were monitored over a 95 day dry-down period. Midday stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, canopy temperature, soil water in storage and stolon elongation were measured over the experimental period. On day 95, above ground tissue was harvested for dry weight and elemental tissue analysis. Midday stomatal conductance decreased around day 30 in all columns regardless of soil salinity. This decrease was not associated with a threshold leaf water potential, as midday leaf water potentials remained constant over a 60 day period. Stolon elongation also ceased before any deviation in the midday leaf water potential occurred. A concomitant reduction in evapotranspiration was not associated with the measured decrease in stomatal conductance. This would suggest that bermudagrass may have regulated stomatal activity to compensate for lower conductances during periods of greater stress and/or that measured midday stomatal conductances cannot always be directly coupled to extended time evapotranspiration measurements. |
| Title: Growth regulation of common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) with imazaquin and AC 263,222. |
| Author: Goatley-J-Michael-Jr {a}; Maddox-Victor-L; Watkins-Robert-M. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1993; 7 (3) 746-750. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Research was conducted in 1990 through 1992 to examine the vegetative and reproductive growth regulating activity of imazaquin and AC 263,222 on common bermudagrass. AC 263,222 at 0.06 kg ha-1, alone and in combination with imazaquin (0.21 kg ai ha-1), significantly reduced seedhead number, seedhead height, and vegetative canopy height for a 4-wk period after both May and July treatment. Imazaquin (0.42 kg ai ha-1) applied alone resulted in less turfgrass discoloration, but suppressed vegetative and reproductive growth of common bermudagrass less as compared with treatments containing AC 263,222. |
| Title: Response of Cynodon dactylon to prolonged water deficits under saline conditions. |
| Author: Devitt,-D.A.; Bowman,-D.C.; Schulte,-P.J. |
| Source: PLANT-SOIL. 1993. vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 239-251. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Competition for available water resources in both arid and semi-arid locations has led to greater scrutiny of turfgrass irrigation. Irrigation management strategies, including deficit irrigation, need further investigation. The objective of this research was to determine the physiological response of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) to prolonged water deficits under saline conditions. Bermudagrass was grown in large columns packed with three different soil types (sandy loam, silt loam and clay). Synthesized saline irrigation water was applied at three different salinity levels (1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 dS/m). Two previous experiments that were conducted with these columns over a 3.5 year period led to differential profile salinization in all 27 columns. At the end of this 3.5 year period, all irrigations were terminated and plant growth and water status were monitored over a 95 day dry-down period. |
| Title: Evaluation of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) as alternatives to corn forage, (Zea mays) for ensiling with poultry litter. |
| Author: Rude-B-J; Rankins-D-L-Jr. |
| Source: Animal-Feed-Science-and-Technology. 1993; 44 (1-2) 101-111. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Two trials were conducted to determine the potential for ensiling various forages with poultry litter (PL). In Trial 1, corn forage (CF; Zea mays), johnsongrass (JG; Sorghum halepense) and bermudagrass (BG; Cynodon dactylon) were ensiled with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% PL. Ground com was added to BG mixes at 0, 5 and 10%. Silos consisted of 3.8 1 plastic bags, heat seated and placed in a second air-tight bag, maintained at 21 degree C for 10 days after which pH and DM were determined. In trial 2, JG and CF were harvested at 35% DM and ensiled with 10 and 20% added PL (as-is basis). Sixteen lambs (29 +- 6.6 kg BW) were fed the four resulting silages while housed in individual metabolism crates for 14 days. In Trial 1, DM and pH both increased (P lt 0.01) as the percentage of PL increased. In Trial 2, lambs fed CF silages had greater DM intake (P lt 0.05) than those fed the JG silages. Water intake paralleled DM intake. Gains of lambs fed CF10 and JG20 were faster (P lt 0.05) than that for JG10, with CF20 being intermediate. Digestibilities of DM, OM, GE and NDF were greater (P lt 0.01) for the CF silages than for JG. Digestibility of ADF was increased (P lt 0.01) in the lambs fed the JG silages compared with the CF silages. Nitrogen retention was greater (P lt 0.01) for the CF diets than for the JG diets. Poultry litter only affected hemicellulose digestibility, which was higher (P lt 0.05) for the CF silages than for JG20, with JG10 being intermediate. Energy balance was greatest (P lt 0.05) for CF10 and least for JG10, with CF20 and JG20 being intermediate. Results indicate that JG was not equal to CF; however, JG was palatable, digestible and supported BW gain in lambs when ensiled with up to 20% PL. |
| Title: Preemergence herbicide effects on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) interference in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). |
| Author: Richard-E-P-Jr. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1993; 7 (3) 578-584. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: The effect of annual spring PRE applications of fenac, metribuzin, and terbacil on the competitiveness of sugarcane with bermudagrass during a 3-yr crop cycle was evaluated. For each herbicide treatment, bermudagrass was allowed to interfere with sugarcane during the growing season for 0, 1 (plant-cane crop only), 2 (plant-cane and first-ratoon crops), or 3 (plant-cane through second-ratoon crops) yr. Predicted total yields of cane from the three harvested crops was 3600 kg ha-1 higher on average in plots maintained free of bermudagrass and treated with metribuzin than where fenac and terbacil were applied. Bermudagrass biomass increased with each growing season. Greatest biomass production occurred in the fenac plots and the smallest in terbacil plots. Bermudagrass did not reduce the predicted total yields of cane where metribuzin or terbacil was applied. With fenac, predicted total cane yields were 4, 7, and 11% lower than the weed-free control where bermudagrass interference was allowed for 1, 2, and 3 yr, respectively. Season-long bermudagrass interference in the fenac plots reduced actual cane yields 10% (plant-cane crop), 6% (first-ratoon crop), and 14% (second-ratoon crop) when compared with plots maintained free of bermudagrass for the entire growing season. |
| Title: Common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) suppression in Zoysia spp. with herbicides. |
| Author: Johnson-B-Jack. |
| Source: Weed-Technology. 1992; 6 (4) 813-819. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: During 1989 and 1990, herbicides were applied to suppress common bermudagrass in a mixed stand of common bermudagrass and 'Emerald' zoysiagrass. When the mixed stand was treated with fluazifop at 0.2 kg ha-1 mid-May and 0.1 kg ha-1 1 mo later for two consecutive years, the common bermudagrass cover was reduced from 35 to 7% and the zoysiagrass cover increased from 65 to 85%. Similar results were achieve when fenoxaprop was applied at 0.2 kg ha-1 mid-May and repeated at monthly intervals for a total of four applications each year for 2 yr. The quality of mixed common bermudagrass and zoysiagrass turf was reduced immediately after each treatment; however, zoysiagrass recovered and treatments did not result in permanent damage. Sethoxydim suppressed common bermudagrass during the second year of treatment, but reduced the zoysiagrass stand each year. Ethofumesate applied along or with flurprimidol severely reduced the zoysiagrass stand with an increase of common bermudagrass. |
| Title: Effect of grazing on nutritive value of Cynodon dactylon at Bakhtiyarpur. |
| Author: Singh,-S.N.; Kumar,-S. |
| Source: ENVIRON.-ECOL. 1992. vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 749-751. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: The study was carried out on the grasslands situated near Bakhtiyarpur, Patna, Bihar dominated by Cynodon dactylon to understand the effect of grazing on chemical composition of C. dactylon in rainy, winter and summer seasons. The nutritive values of C. dactylon , that is, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract, phosphorus, calcium and potassium were found higher on grazed grassland compared to protected except crude fiber and ash. |
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