SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for: Gill-over-the-ground
Species (scientific name): Glechoma hederacea
| Title: The effects of environmental heterogeneity on the performance of Glechoma hederacea: the interactions between patch contrast and patch scale. |
| Author: Wijesinghe,-D.K.; Hutchings,-M.J. |
| Source: Journal-of-Ecology [J.-Ecol.] 1999 vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 860-872. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: We report on an experimental investigation into the effects of contrast in patch quality and patch size upon the performance of the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea in nutritionally heterogeneous environments. 2 There were six treatments providing different degrees of patch contrast. These ranged from maximum contrast, in which patches consisted entirely of compost or sand, to homogeneity, in which all patches contained 50% of each. These were combined factorially with two patch size treatments. Overall, all treatments provided the same quantity of compost and sand, and the same area and volume of higher and lower quality patches. 3 Clones in the large-patch environments produced significantly more root biomass in both rich- and poor- quality patches than the clones in the small-patch environments. At both scales there was a decline in root biomass in the rich patches, accompanied by an increase in root biomass in the poor patches, as patch quality converged. 4 The proportion of the root biomass of clones that was located in nutrient-rich patches was greatest at high contrast and declined gradually to become equal in all patches, as contrast between patches diminished to homogeneity. This effect was independent of patch scale. There was a close match between root placement and nutrient availability in different quality patches in all treatments except that with the highest contrast. 5 At both patch scales, root: shoot ratios of clone parts in rich patches rose (and those in poor patches declined) as patch contrast increased. This species is therefore capable of morphological specialization at a local level when clones grow in heterogeneous environments. These effects were also greater at the larger patch scale. 6 The effect of patch contrast on total clone yield was significantly modified by patch scale. At lower contrast, yield was similar at both scales, whereas at higher contrast, yield was significantly greater in the large-patch treatment. 7 Although G. hederacea can match its morphology to environmental heterogeneity in some habitats, it is less able to do so when patches are small-scale and highly contrasting. These limitations cause considerable differences in the yield that can be achieved from a given quantity of resource provided in different configurations. |
| Title: Clonal segmentation: The development of physiological independence within stolons of Glechoma hederacea L. (Lamiaceae). |
| Author: Birch-Colin-P-D {a}; Hutchings-Michael-J. |
| Source: Plant-Ecology. April, 1999; 141 (1-2): 21-31. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: The youngest parts of clonal plants benefit from substantial physiological support from older parts, but the extent to which this physiological dependence persists through time is poorly understood. The development of autonomy among connected subunits was therefore analysed in the clonal species Glechoma hederacea. The stolons of a series of clonal fragments with differing numbers of primary ramets were severed at a fixed point relative to the four oldest primary ramets. The subsequent growth of both parts of the severed fragments was compared with that of a series of intact fragments. The growth of apical stolon portions that included five or more rooted primary ramets at the time of severing was unaffected by severing. Apical portions with three or fewer rooted ramets at the time of severing produced fewer new primary ramets than equivalent parts of intact fragments, while apical portions with four or fewer rooted ramets produced less above-ground mass than equivalent apical portions of intact clonal fragments. Basal portions of clonal fragments severed when there were one or two rooted ramets in the apical portion produced more secondary ramet mass than equivalent parts of intact fragments. The gain in mass of secondary ramets in the basal portions of severed fragments matched the reduction in mass of secondary ramets in the apical portions. However, severing caused an overall loss of mass when apical portions had three or fewer rooted ramets at the time of severing, because the mass of primary ramets in basal portions did not increase following severing. Severing had little impact on the allometry of the apical portions. The relationship between mass in secondary ramets and mass in primary ramets was similar in the apical portions of severed and intact clonal fragments. None of the severing treatments increased the total mass of secondary ramets, suggesting that apical dominance in this species only affects branches very close to the apex. These observations,combined with existing knowledge of vascular architecture in G. hederacea, demonstrate that, whether or not physical connections persist between ramets, growing stolons rapidly develop into physiologically autonomous segments. This may be a characteristic of species that exploit disturbed, spatially heterogeneous habitats through rapid multiplication of ramets connected by long, aerial runners or stolons. |
| Title: Biological flora of the British, Isles, No. 205. Glechoma hederacea L. (Nepeta glechoma Benth., N. hederacea (L.) Trev.). |
| Author: Hutchings,-M.J.; Price,-E.A.C. |
| Source: Journal-of-Ecology [J.-Ecol.] 1999 vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 347-364. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Variation in autumnal growth of hermaphroditic clones of Glechoma hederacea originating from two geographical regions and two habitats. |
| Author: Klimes-Leos. |
| Source: Preslia-Prague. Aug., 1997; 69 (2) 175-183. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Eight hermaphroditic genotypes of Glechoma hederacea originating from two habitats and two geographical regions were compared under greenhouse conditions to test for differences in growth at the end of the vegetation period. During the 90 days of the experiment the plants developed primary stolons and secondary stolons, the latter up to four (rarely six) per node. Stolon lengths, mean internode length, mean leaf blade width and mean petiole length on primary stolons as well as the number of nodes, mean internode length and stolon length of the first two secondary stolons initiated at a node were genotype-dependent. The number of nodes and rooting nodes, mean internode length, stolon length and number of growing tips on the second pair of secondary stolons were population-dependent. No indication of ecotypic differentiation in clonal growth was found. The hypothesis suggesting that genotypes with short internodes and a high intensity of branching should dominate populations growing under high light levels (i.e. in meadows) was not supported. |
| Title: Ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.) control in a Kentucky bluegrass turfgrass with borax. |
| Author: Hatterman-Valenti-Harlene {a}; Owen-Micheal-D-K; Christians-Nick-E. |
| Source: Journal-of-Environmental-Horticulture. 1996; 14 (2) 101-104. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Field experiments were conducted to evaluate ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.) control and Kentucky blue ass (Poa pratensis L.) tolerance to Twenty Mule Team Borax, Super Trimec, and Sharpshooter applications. Ground ivy control improved with time in 1991 whereas the inverse was true in 1992. Liquid borax at 610 g/100m-2 and Super Trimec at 560 ml/100 m-2 controlled ground ivy consistently ( gtoreq 85%) during 1991 and 1992. Ground ivy control with dry borax was not as good as liquid borax when each application was applied at 305 g/100 m-2. Unacceptable ground ivy control occurred with Sharpshooter. All treatments caused turfgrass injury in 1991. At 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), injury increased to 30 and 40% for the 305 and 610 g/100 m-2 (10 and 20 oz/1000 ft-2) liquid borax treatments, respectively. No turfgrass injury however was observed the following spring. In 1992, only Sharpshooter caused injury 2 WAT. Weather differences after the applications contributed to the variability in ground ivy control and turfgrass injury between years. These results indicate that boron can be used to selectively control ground ivy in a Kentucky bluegrass turf with a 610 g/100 m-2 (20 oz/1000 ft-2) liquid borax application with only temporary turfgrass injury. |
| Title: Consequences of patchy distribution of light for the growth of the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea. |
| Author: Wijesinghe-Dushyantha-K; Hutchings-Michael-J-. |
| Source: Oikos 1996; 77 (1) 137-145. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The hypothesis that the clonal plant Glechoma hederacea can forage for light in environments with spatially patchy light supply was tested experimentally using artificial habitats in the glasshouse. There were five light treatments. Two treatments were homogeneous, with uniformly low or high light. Three treatments were patchy, each consisting of one high light patch and one low light patch. In the patchy treatments the position of the light patches differed with respect to the position at which the clone commenced growth. Several morphological responses were predicted if foraging for light through morphological plasticity took place: (1) there should be a greater concentration of ramets and biomass, a greater frequency of branching, greater leaf area, a lower proportional allocation of biomass to stolons and a higher proportional allocation of biomass to leaves in high light than in low light patches; (2) there should be increased petiole lengths and a higher proportional allocation of biomass to stolons and petioles in low light patches than in high light patches; (3) different primary stolons should assume different morphologies when "posed, simultaneously, to different light regimes. Structures directly involved in light acquisition in G. hederacea showed the greatest responses to changes in light conditions. In the patchy light treatments the frequency of branching, the leaf area of primary ramets and the proportional allocation to leaf biomass were significantly greater in high light patches and petiole length and proportional allocation to petiole biomass were significantly greater in low light patches. The greater leaf area, coupled with greater branching, allowed clones to harvest light energy more efficiently in high light conditions and the increase in petiole length allowed clones to escape from poor light conditions. However, these foraging responses were shown only when clones grew from low light to high light patches or when different primary stolons were exposed simultaneously to either high or low light. Foraging responses were suppressed when clones grew from high light to low light patches. These results imply that responses to patchy light conditions are not clone-wide, but localized within individual stolons, and that individual stolons can adjust morphology rapidly only when high resource patches are encountered after low resource patches. The converse - adjustment to a low resource patch following a period in a high resource patch - does not occur or occurs slowly, due to physiological integration within stolons and the predominantly acropetal nature of resource translocation. |
| Title: Studies of growth in the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea . II. The effects of selective defoliation. |
| Author: Price,-E.A.C.; Hutchings,-M.J. |
| Source: J.-ECOL. 1992. vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 39-47. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: Defoliation of ramets in a clonal species affects the subsequent growth of newly developing parts by preventing translocation of photoassimilates. In this paper, the hypothesis is tested that the structural level at which a clone responds to such interference, and the response it displays, will be determined by the ramets which are defoliated, and by the patterns of physiological integration between its connected ramets. An experiment was carried out in which clones of Glechoma hederacea were subjected to either 0% (control), 50% or 100% leaf removal. Fifty per cent defoliation was applied in three different patterns to determine if these had different effects upon subsequent growth. All defoliation treatments resulted in significantly lower total biomass production than in the control clones. Both the percentage of leaves removed and the pattern of leaf removal affected clone dry weight. |
| Title: Sexual reproduction in a clonal, gynodioecious herb Glechoma hederacea .Symposium on Clonal Plants and Environmental Change, Abisko, Sweden, 10-14 Sep 1990. |
| Author: Widen,-M. |
| Source: OIKOS. 1992. vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 430-438. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: Fruit-set and seed-set were recorded in cultivation and in natural populations of the clonal gynodioecious herb Glechoma hederacea in South Sweden. The sex ratios range from 0 to 100% females in natural populations. Unisexual patches indicated that individual clones could be extensive. Hermaphroditic flowers were self-compatible in cultivation. Hand-pollination of both female and hermaphroditic ramets in one natural population revealed that fruit-set and seed-set were pollen-limited. Hermaphroditic ramets were usually more fecund than female ramets as a consequence of the clonal structure. There was a significant correlation between fruit-set of female clones and the number of surrounding hermaphroditic ramets. |
| Title: Pollen limitation and distance-dependent fecundity in females of the clonal gynodioecious herb Glechoma hederacea (Lamiaceae). |
| Author: Widen,-B.; Widen,-M. |
| Source: OECOLOGIA. 1990. vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 191-196. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1990 |
| Abstract: Pollen movement is often restricted in natural populations, and insufficient pollination is a potential constraint on sexual reproduction in outcrossing species. Seed-set should decrease with increased distance from the pollen source in outcrossing plants. This prediction was tested using females of the clonal, gynodioecious herb Glechoma hederacea in three natural populations. In controlled pollinations, both hermaphrodites and females had similar high percentages of fruit-set and seed-set. In a natural population where a female clone was isolated from the nearest hermaphroditic clone by c. 100 m, fruit-set was low (1%). In another population where hermaphroditic clones were rare and female clones had a patchy distribution, fruit- and seed-set in females were pollen-limited and decreased with increased distance from the nearest pollen source. The estimated mean pollen dispersal distance was 5.9 m when calculated on fruit-set and 5.3 m when calculated on seed-set. |
| Title: Within- and between-population variation in ramet behaviour in the gynodioecious clonal herb, Glechoma hederacea (Labiatae). |
| Author: Slade,-A.J.; Hutchings,-M.J. |
| Source: CAN.-J.-BOT.-J.-CAN.-BOT. 1989. vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 633-639. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1989 |
| Abstract: Clones of the gynodioecious herb Glechoma hederacea L. produce ramets which flower and bear seed, ramets which flower but fail to bear seed, and sterile ramets. Performance and survivorship of these subsets of ramets were compared for hermaphrodite and male sterile clones in contrasting grassland and woodland habitats for 2 consecutive years. For all clones, ramet densities on given dates were comparable between years. Winter survival of ramets exceeded 95% and mortality during the growing season was exponential. No genet recruitment was recorded throughout the study. For all clones, flowering ramets were larger than nonflowering ramets. Both flowering and nonflowering ramets of hermaphrodite clones, from grassland and woodland, were significantly larger than corresponding types of ramets from male sterile clones. |
< Back
Next >
Back To Invasives Common Name Index
|
