SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for: Forsythia
Species (scientific name): Forsythia viridissima
| Title: Rhizogenesis in Forsythia X intermedia and Syringa vulgaris; application of a simple internode experimental system. |
| Author: Marks-T-R ; S-E. Simpson. |
| Source: Plant-Cell-Reports. 19 (12): 1171-1176. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 2000 |
| Abstract: Differences in rhizogenesis between easy-to-root Forsythia X intermedia Zab. cv. Lynwood and difficult-to-root Syringa vulgaris L. cv. Madame Lemoine were measured in an experimental system based upon internodal stem sections excised from axillary shoot cultures. Root induction in Syringa was distinctly polar, responding best to distal application of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), whereas Forsythia was equally responsive to IBA applied at either end. Root initiation in Syringa declined rapidly from 73% to 32% over 48 h when the application of a 24-h pulse of IBA was delayed following excision of the internode; in Forsythia a smaller decline (93-70%) occurred over 144 h. Forsythia internodes were the more responsive, and developed roots after distal or proximal application of 3 muM IBA, whereas Syringa required the distal application of 30 muM IBA. |
| Title: Molecular characterization of the anthocyanidin synthase gene in Forsythia X intermedia reveals organ-specific expression during flower development. |
| Author: Rosati-Carlo; Cadic-Alain; Duron-Michel ; Ingouff-Mathieu; Simoneau-Philippe. |
| Source: Plant-Science-Shannon.; 149 (1): 73-79. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: The study of the anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene, one of the late structural genes in the anthocyanin pathway, was undertaken in Forsythia X intermedia cv. 'Spring Glory'. Previous molecular and biochemical studies had demonstrated expression and activity of genes and enzymes upstream of ans. The ans gene was cloned and shown to be present in two copies in the Forsythia genome. Expression analyses carried out on flower organs showed that ans was expressed exclusively in anthocyanin-containing sepals and not in anthocyaninless anthers and petals. ans expression in sepals showed induction of transcription at early flower developmental stages. Inspection of the ans promoter region as far as 790 bp upstream of the start codon revealed several potential DNA-protein binding motifs. The results from this paper, combined with previous data, show that the lack of ans expression should be the major cause of the absence of anthocyanins in Forsythia petals, thus providing directions for genetic engineering of flower color in this ornamental species. |
| Title: Characteristics of flowers and flowering between distyly in Korean golden-bells (Forsythia koreana Nak.). |
| Author: Han-In-Song ; Kim-Jae-Gun. |
| Source: Journal-of-the-Korean-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. 40 (6): 769-771. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Golden-Bells, which show distyly, are cultivated broadly in Korea. We found some differences in flower and flowering between short-styled and long-styled flowers. Flower diameter, petal width and length of short-styled flower were greater than long-styled flower. Flower color of short-styled flower was yellower than long-styled flower. The measurement of chromaticity showed that darker color of short-styled flower was not due to b-value (yellow direction) but due to a-value (red direction). Petal carotenoid contents of short-styled flower was higher than long-styled flower. The flowering of short-styled flower was earlier than long-styled flower. Total blooming period of long-styled flower was longer by 2 days than short-styled flower, so the long-styled flower appeared to bloom for longer period than short-styled flower. |
| Title: Comparative bark anatomy of Forsythia Vahl. species. |
| Author: Vetlugina T.G. |
| Source: Byulleten'-Moskovskogo-Obshchestva-Ispytatelei-Prirody-Otdel-Biologicheskii. 104 (4): 48-53. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: The bark anatomy of Forsythia species (F. giraldiana, F. intermedia f. spectabilis, F. ovata, F. suspensa, F. viridissima) has been studied. The phellogen in all these species originates from the epidermis in the first vegetation period. The phelloides form from cells of a current year or a last year and were not observed in the case of F. giraldiana. The stereom of one-year-old stalks consists of the protophloem fibres. The groups of sclereides spring up in the secondary phloem of a long-term branches. The sieve plates in these species with the exception of F. giraldiana have a complex structure and consist of 2-7 sieve fields. The anatomical characters revealed in this study and especially the periderm structure are of great importance for the diagnostic and may be used to clarify a position of the genus Forsythia in the family Oleaceae. |
| Title: Effects of some pretreatments on seed germination of white forsythia (Abeliophyllum distichum). |
| Author: Yoo-Yong-Kweon ; Kim-Ki-Sun. |
| Source: Journal-of-the-Korean-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. 39 (1) 86-91. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the effective method for enhancing seed germination. Fruits enclosed with pericarps did not show any germination irrespective of seed maturity. After removing pericarps, mature seeds showed low and slow germination by 67% at 60 days after sowing. GA, chilling, KOH treatment, and scar of seed coat had no effect on enhancing germination of seeds, whereas mature embryos of naked seed germinated within 10 days after sowing. Soaking treatment at 5% NaOCl for 60 min hastened seed germination and enhanced germination percentage up to 95% at 60 days after sowing. Also, washing treatment with running water at 30degreeC for 7 days showed more effective germination than other treatments. |
| Title: Effects of plant growth regulators and cutting conditions on rooting of softwood and semihardwood cutting in white forsythia. |
| Author: Yoo-Yong-Kweon ; Kim-Ki-Sun. |
| Source: Journal-of-the-Korean-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. 38 (3) 263-271. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: The effects of plant growth regulators and some cutting conditions on softwood and semihardwood cutting of white forsythia (Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai) were examined. Rooting of softwood and semihardwood cutting treated with soaking method was better than with dipping or powder method. In softwood cutting, soaking with 500 mg cntdot L-1 IAA were more effective than the other treating methods in rooting. In semihardwood cutting, treatments of 500 mg cntdot L-1 NAA for 1 min or 200 mg cntdot L-1 NAA for 1 hr increased the rooting percentage tip to 100%, and were the most effective in root growth. When 200 mg cntdot L-1 NAA was treated for 1 hr at semihardwood, the first roots were observed at 20 days after cutting and the rooting percentage of cutting was rapidly increased up to 90% until 50 days after cutting. In semihardwood cutting, as treating concentration of BA and GA3 increased, rooting was inhibited. But, treatment of 10 mg cntdot L-1 ABA was significantly effective in rooting response. Ten cm long cuttings showed better root growth than 5 or 15 cm long cuttings. Photoperiods did not affect rooting. The more leaves remained on the cutting, the higher rooting was observed. Treatment of 100 mg cntdot L-1 H3BO3 increased rooting up to 100%. |
| Title: The relationship between carbohydrates and flower bud hardiness among three Forsythia taxa. |
| Author: Flinn-Cindy-L; Ashworth-Edward-N. |
| Source: Journal-of-the-American-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. 120 (4) 607-613. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The accumulation of total soluble sugars (TSS) and starch and their relationship to flower bud hardiness were studied in three Forsythia taxa: Forsythia x intermedia 'Spectabilis', Forsythia xintermedia 'Lynwood', and F. suspensa. Taxon hardiness was based on the mean temperature at which low temperature exotherms (LTEs) occurred during thermal analysis. Ethanol-extracted soluble sugars were quantified with anthrone, and starch was enzymatically digested and quantified with Trinder reagent. Qualitative changes in sugar content were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography and co-chromatography of authentic standards. Quantitative and qualitative changes in sugar content, similar for the three taxa, were observed in conjunction with fluctuations in flower bud hardiness, although neither TSS nor starch were correlated with mean LTE temperature. TSS was higher in acclimated than nonacclimated buds. However, after deacclimation began, sugars continued to increase with mean LTE temperature. Buds lacked starch except for a brief period during deacclimation. Galactose, stachyose, raffinose, and an unidentified carbohydrate were positively correlated with hardiness (P |
| Title: Naturalized Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Oleaceae) in Illinois. |
| Author: McClain-William ; Ebinger-John. |
| Source: Transactions-of-the-Illinois-State-Academy-of-Science. 88 (3-4) 119-121. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: Forsythia: A new host of Phytophthora nicotianae in ITL. |
| Author: Cacciola-S-O ; Belisario-A; Pane-A; Magnano-Di-San-Lio-G. |
| Source: Plant-Disease. 1994; 78 (5) 525-528. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: During the summer of 1990, seedlings of forsythia (Forsythia viridissima), grown in pots in a production nursery in Campania (Italy), showed symptoms of decline associated with root and crown rot. Phytophthora nicotianae of A-2 mating type was isolated from decayed tissues. Identification of the isolate was based on both morphological and physiological characters, and on the electrophoretic pattern of total native mycelial proteins. P. nicotianae was confirmed as the causal agent of this decline by fulfilling Koch's postulates. Seedlings of forsythia inoculated with the P. nicotianae isolate developed symptoms identical to those observed in natural infections. The species inoculated was reisolated from the basal stem and roots of symptomatic seedlings. This is the first report of P. nicotianae as a pathogen of forsythia. |
| Title: A study on the new yellow variegated cultivar of Korean Forsythia: I. Physiological characteristics. |
| Author: Shim-Kyung-Ku ; Ha-Yoo-Mi; Lee-Suk-Koo. |
| Source: Journal-of-the-Korean-Society-for-Horticultural-Science.; 35 (3) 270-278. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1994 |
| Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate physiological characteristics of a new yellow variegated cultivar of Korean Forsythia, and evaluate differences in banding patterns in the leaf color between new yellow variegated cultivar, Forsythia koreana, and F. intermedia 'Gold Leaf. The obtained results are as follows: New yellow variegated cultivar is a natural bud mutant from a Korean-native F koreana in 1990. It has a gold yellow band, covering about one-half the width of the leaves along the margin. Leaf width and leaf length of the variegated cultivar were significantly shorter than those of a Korean native cultivar and F. intermedia 'Gold Leaf. However, leaf index of the variegated cultivar was larger than those of any other cultivars. The variegated cultivar contained less chlorophyll than F. koreana, but more han 'Gold Leaf'. Its net photosynthesis rate was lower than those of Korean native cultivar and F. intermedia 'Gold Leaf' in the full sunlight. Shading of the variegated cultivar to 55% sunlight increased chlorophyll content and the rate of photosynthesis compared with full sunlight, resulting in more beautiful leaf color. Leaves of the new yellow variegated cultivar showed higher values of L (lightness) and b (yellow-blue) as compared with other cultivars. Leaf growth and light level were inversely related each other. The new yellow variegated plant and F. intermedia 'Gold Leaf were necrotic and sun scald after 1 month of exposure to 100% sun. Leaf length and leaf width actually declined for the variegated cultivar grown in 100% sun. Therefore, shading is required for the new yellow variegated cultivar and F. intermedia 'Gold Leaf to obtain more beautiful leaf color. In RAPD analysis, OPJ-15 and OPJ-20 primers produced unique banding patterns in all three cultivars, the new yellow variegated cultivar of Korean Forsythia, F. koreana, and F. intermedia 'Gold Leaf. A natural bud mutant, the variegated plant, was distinguished from mother plant, F. koreana, and also from F intermedia 'Gold Leaf. Therefore, the new yellow variegated plant of Korean Forsythia was named Forsythia koreana 'Seoul Gold' and will be used as woody landscape plant in the future. |
| Title: Flower bud hardiness of Forsythia cultivars. |
| Author: McNamara-Steve; Pellett-Harold. |
| Source: Journal-of-Environmental-Horticulture. 1993; 11 (1) 35-38. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Winter hardiness profiles were developed for six Forsythia cultivars introduced in the last 10-15 years for superior flower bud hardiness. The cultivars 'Meadowlark', 'Northern Gold', 'Northern Sun', New Hampshire Gold', 'Sunrise', and 'Vermont Sun' were at least 2-4 degree C(4-7 degree F) more hardy than F. times intermedia and F. ovata cultivar on most sampling dates. All cultivars acclimated sufficiently to withstand early-season minimum temperatures in most years. By mid-winter, five of the six new introductions obtained maximum hardiness levels of - 36 degree C (-33 degree F). 'Sunrise' was 2-4 degree C (4-7 degree F) less hardy than the other cultivars in mid-winter but was one of the most hardy cultivars in late-winter. With the exception of 'Vermont Sun', there was little difference among the new cultivars in timing of deacclimation. 'Vermont Sun' deacclimated earliest and was less hardy than the other cultivars by mid-March. While these new introductions have experienced little flower-bud injury in field trials over the past decade, nearly 100% of the flower buds of these cultivars were killed in two of three winters encompassed by this study. The climatic conditions that resulted in injury were distinctly different for the two years. |
| Title: Life history of the forsythia sawfly, Apareophora forsythiae sato (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). |
| Author: Park-Cheol-Ha ; Lee-Buom-Young. |
| Source: Korean-Journal-of-Applied-Entomology. 1993; 32 (4) 457-459. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: The life cycle of the forsythia sawfly, Apareophora forthsythiae, which damages to forsythia shrubs were studied in Chungcheongbuk-do province. The forsythia sawfly has one generation per year and has a peak adult emergence in mid-April. The longevity of adults is 6 days on average and 93% of the 103 eggs in the ovaries are laid into the young leaves. After an average of 12 days in the egg stage, the larvae hatch and feed on leaves in a group. Matured larvae enter the soil (about 1 cm beneath the soil surface) beginning in the middle of May. Pupation begins in the middle of next march. The pupal period is 19 days on average. |
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