SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for: Curled dock
Species (scientific name): Rumex crispus
| Title: Consequences of incongruency in diurnally varying resources for seedlings of Rumex crispus (Polygonaceae). |
| Author: Cavender-Bares-Jeannine-M {a}; Voss-Paul-B; Bazzaz-Fakhri-A. |
| Source: American-Journal-of-Botany. Sept., 1998; 85 (9) 1216-1223. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: The incongruency of diurnally varying resources essential to plants may detrimentally affect plants early in their development as indicated by reduced water use efficiency and carbon gain. Typical diurnal patterns of light and CO2 availability in a midsized temperate herbaceous or forest gap were simulated in specially designed growth chambers. A sinusoidally varying CO2 treatment (400 ppm minimum, 800 ppm maximum) approximated the diurnal cycle of CO2 at the soil surface, while a steady-state CO2 treatment (600 ppm) with the same average CO2 concentration provided a control. Crossed with these two CO2 treatments were two light regimes, one with 3 h of high light (850 mumolcntdotm-2cntdots-1) in the morning (west side of a gap), and the other with 3 h of high light in the afternoon (east side). All treatments received baseline low light (55 mumolcntdotm-2cntdots-1) for 14 h during the day. Rumex crispus was selected as a model species because of its rosette leaves, which grow close to the ground where diurnal CO2 variation is greatest. The relative timing of diurnal variations in light and CO2 significantly affected seedling water use efficiency, carbon gain, and morphology. Total biomass, photosynthetic rates, daily integrated carbon, water use efficiency, and leaf area were enhanced by morning exposure to high light. Seedlings that were exposed to peak values of light and CO2 incongruently, i.e., those plants receiving intense afternoon light with diurnally varying CO2, were detrimentally affected relative to control plants receiving intense afternoon light with steady-state CO2. The results of this experiment indicate that the incongruent availability of required resources-such as light and CO2-can detrimentally affect performance relative to when resources are congruent. These contrasting resource regimes can occur on the east and west side of gaps. |
| Title: The effect of insect-fungus interactions on the autumn growth and over-wintering of Rumex crispus and R. obtusifolius seedlings. |
| Author: Hatcher-Paul-E. |
| Source: Journal-of-Ecology. 1996; 84 (1) 101-109. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: The rust fungus Uromyces rumicis infects leaves of Rumex crispus and R. obtusifolius mainly between August and October, during which time the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa viridula also occurs on these leaves. This experiment investigated the effect of beetle herbivory or rust infection, individually and when combined, on the growth of seedlings from August and also on regrowth the following spring. 2 Between August and October, the beetle alone removed up to 79% of leaf area. Rust infection was slow to develop, but caused a decrease of apprxeq 50% in leaf area by October. The combination of herbivory and infection had an additive effect by October, causing a reduction in leaf area of 92% (R. crispus) and 88% (R. obtusifolius). 3 There was no plant mortality. At the harvest in February, previous herbivory reduced area and weight of regrowth by 78% in both species, but infection had a significant effect only on R. crispus. The combined effects of herbivory and infection were additive, leading to a 88% (R. crispus) and 84% (R. obtusifolius) reduction in shoot dry weight, and a 82% (R. crispus) and 72% (R. obtusifolius) reduction in root dry weight. 4 Herbivory and infection both led to a significant, additive, increase in the concentration of alcohol-soluble carbohydrates in the roots. Herbivory also had an effect on fructans, starch, and total nonstructural carbohydrate in the roots, reducing concentrations by up to 26%. 5 Overall, herbivory alone or combined with infection had a severe effect on regrowth capacity and root quantity and quality of both species, although infection alone had little effect on R. obtusifolius. The possible effects of insect-fungus interactions on the subsequent reproductive success and survival of these plants in natural habitats are discussed. |
| Title: The effect of natural and simulated insect herbivory, and leaf age, on the process of infection of Rumex crispus L. and R. obtusifolius L. by Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. |
| Author: Hatcher-Paul-E; Ayres-Peter-G; Paul-Nigel-D. |
| Source: New-Phytologist. 1995; 130 (2) 239-249. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: The development of uredinia of Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. was studied on Rumex crispus L. and R. obtusifolius L. plants inoculated in the laboratory. Fewer uredinia developed on leaves injured by simulated insect herbivory, those fed upon by Gastrophysa viridula Degeer (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and young, incompletely expanded leaves, than on uninjured, fully expanded control leaves. The effect of simulated herbivory and leaf age on the process of U. rumicis infection was investigated using Calcofluor staining and epifluorescence microscopy. Simulated insect herbivory reduced significantly the proportion of sporelings producing appressoria and the proportion of sporelings with appressoria that entered the substomatal cavity. In R. obtusifolius, leaf injury also reduced the proportion of penetration hyphae that formed substomatal vesicles. The proportion of sporelings that produced intercellular hyphae in injured leaves was reduced by 58% in R. crispus and 89% in R. obtusifolius. G. viridula feeding induced similar resistance in R. obtusifolius leaves. Simulated insect herbivory reduced both uredinial density and the area occupied by intercellular hyphae by between 65% and 89%. Injury had a greater effect than leaf age on sporelings in the pre-haustorial stages of development. However, the total area occupied by intercellular hyphae in young leaves was reduced by between 42% and 78% compared to mature leaves, owing to a lower uredinial density and, in R. obtusifolius, also to a significant reduction in the size of individual uredinia. |
| Title: Structural refuges in two stem-boring weevils on Rumex crispus. |
| Author: Freese-Gunter. |
| Source: Ecological-Entomology. 1995; 20 (4) 351-358. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1995 |
| Abstract: Differences in feeding positions, parasitoid complexes and parasitization rates of the two dominant insect species in stems of Rumex crispus were investigated. Apion miniatum (inhabiting the lower 10% of the stem) and Apion violaceum (occurring all along the stem) exploited distinctly different feeding positions, partly due to differences in time of oviposition. 2. A. miniatum suffered less parasitization than A. violaceum, measured both by number of parasitoid species and parasitization rates. Its feeding position constitutes a refuge. 3. Parasitization of A. violaceum was least in individuals feeding in basal, thick parts of the stem. There is a trend that the developed refuge increases with increasing stem diameter. 4. The refuge of A. violaceum in basal positions only affected idiobiont ectoparasitoids, because koinobiont endoparasitoids attack the weevils before they enter the stem. Moreover, the koinobiont did benefit from the refuge itself by avoiding hyperparasitism. 5. Densities of A. violaceum increased with plant size, whereas percentage parasitism did not differ. Its three most abundant parasitoid species showed small-scale density independent patterns of attack over all plants. Therefore a constant proportion of weevil larvae mine within the refuge independent of its potential size. 6. Synchronization between weevils and plants, as well as between parasitoids and hosts, appears to be the dominant factor for the spatial community structure of the stem borers of Rumex crispus and their enemies. |
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