SAIN Invasive Plant Pests Resource Collection for: Chicory
Species (scientific name): Chicorium intybus
| Title: Effect of defoliation on fructan pattern and fructan metabolizing enzymes in young chicory plants (Cichorium intybus). |
| Author: De-Roover-Joke; Van-Laere-Andre; Van-den-Ende-Wim. |
| Source: Physiologia-Plantarum.; 106 (2): 158-163. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Witloof chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum cv. Flash) was sown in acid-washed vermiculite in a controlled growth chamber. After 1 month of growth, one half of the chicory plants were defoliated whereas the intact chicory plants remained as a control. Twenty-four hours after defoliation, a very sharp decrease in hexose, sucrose, and total fructan concentration was observed in the roots. This coincided with a strong decrease in sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyl transferase (1-SST; EC 2.4.1.99) activity and a strong increase in fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH; EC 3.2.1.80) activity. After day 5, 1-SST activity increased and 1-FEH activity decreased. However, from day 5 to 15, both the activities of 1-SST and acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) remained significantly lower than in the control plants. From 10 days after defoliation, fructan synthesis resumed and hexose and sucrose concentrations increased. Up to now, 1-FEH activity was believed to occur only in mature tissues (end of the growing season, storage, forcing, or sprouting). Therefore, the rather unexpected finding that 1-FEH can also be induced in very young chicory roots after defoliation suggests that 1-FEH can be considered a 'survival' enzyme that can be induced at any physiological stage when energy demands increase. |
| Title: Pith elongation in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) heads: Influence of light breaks and daminozide. |
| Author: De-Proft M.P.Demeulemeester M.A.C. |
| Source: Scientia-Horticulturae-Amsterdam.81 (4): 437-442. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: EnglishDuring production of Belgian endive, the stem (pith, core) can elongate in the center of the chicory head. Pith formation in the chicory head is responsible for down-grading the product, lowering its market value. Two treatments influencing pith elongation were studied. White-light-breaks of different durations were applied at different periods during hydroponic forcing. Four light breaks each of 5 min white light spread evenly over 12 h per day halved relative pith length without influencing chicory head length and with limited greening of the leaf tissue. Application of the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor daminozide in the nutrient solution caused a reduction in relative pith length, but also reduced chicory head elongation. Although these treatments are not usable in practise, they are very interesting to study the possible interaction between phytochrome and gibberellin metabolism in the control of chicory stem elongation. |
| Title: In vivo and in vitro flowering response of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): influence of plant age and vernalization. |
| Author: Demeulemeester,-M.A.; De-Proft,-M.P. |
| Source: Plant-Cell-Reports [Plant-Cell-Rep.] vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 781-785. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Chicory plants (Cichorium intybus L. var foliosum cv Flash) were tested with and without a 4-week-long cold treatment for in vivo and in vitro flowering potential every 2 weeks during the growing season. One hundred percent of the plants harvested 112 days or later after sowing and then vernalized flowered in vivo. In vitro, no vernalization was needed to initiate flowering-stems on chicory explants taken from roots of 100 days old and older. 5-Azacytidine, a DNA demethylation agent, increased the flowering percentage on explants from young, vernalized roots but could not induce more than 15% flowering on young, nonvernalized roots. The greater flowering potential of chicory root explants in vitro when compared to plants of the same age tested in vivo was clearly established. This result suggests that some negative control on flowering was removed when root explants were excised and the main plant body discarded. |
| Title: In vivo and in vitro flowering response of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): Influence of plant age and vernalization. |
| Author: Demeulemeester-M-A-C ; De-Proft-M-P. |
| Source: Plant-Cell-Reports. 18 (9): 781-785. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Chicory plants (Cichorium intybus L. var foliosum cv Flash) were tested with and without a 4-week-long cold treatment for in vivo and in vitro flowering potential every 2 weeks during the growing season. One hundred percent of the plants harvested 112 days or later after sowing and then vernalized flowered in vivo. In vitro, no vernalization was needed to initiate flowering-stems on chicory explants taken from roots of 100 days old and older. 5-Azacytidine, a DNA demethylation agent, increased the flowering percentage on explants from young, vernalized roots but could not induce more than 15% flowering on young, nonvernalized roots. The greater flowering potential of chicory root explants in vitro when compared to plants of the same age tested in vivo was clearly established. This result suggests that some negative control on flowering was removed when root explants were excised and the main plant body discarded. |
| Title: Growth and carcass production of young farmed deer grazing sulla (Hedysarum coronarium), chicory (Cichorium intybus), or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture in New Zealand. |
| Author: Hoskin-Simone-O; Barry-T-N ; Wilson-P-R; Charleston-W-A-G; Kemp-P-D. |
| Source: New-Zealand-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research. 42 (1): 83-92. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: Liveweight gain, voluntary feed intake, and carcass production were compared for pure red and hybrid (0.75 red: 0.25 elk) deer calves grazing sulla (Hedysarum coronarium cv. Necton), chicory (Cichorium intybus cv. Grasslands Puna), or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Nui)/white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Huia) pasture from weaning in March to slaughter in December of the same year, at approx one year of age. Organic matter digestibility (OMD) of diet selected was similar for all forages during autumn, but OMD of chicory (88.4%) was greater than both sulla (78.3%) and pasture (83.8%) during spring (P < 0.05). Sulla diet selected contained 5.1% condensed tannin (CT) in autumn and 8.4% CT in spring (P < 0.05); pasture and chicory contained 0.14-0.26% CT. VFI of deer grazing sulla was greater than for deer grazing chicory in autumn (2027 versus 1014 g OM d-1; P = 0.07), but not spring (2029 versus 2251 g OM d-1). In autumn, deer gained 293 g d-1 on sulla, 218 g d-1 on pasture (P < 0.01), and 183 g d-1 on chicory (P < 0.001). In winter, deer gained 150 g d-1 on sulla and 133 g d-1 on pasture. Final liveweight of deer grazing sulla was 106 kg, which was significantly higher than 97 kg for deer on pasture or 95 kg for deer on chicory (P < 0.01). Deer grazing sulla had greater carcass weights (59.9 kg) than deer grazing pasture (52.3 kg) or chicory (52.1 kg) (P < 0.01 hinds; P < 0.05 stags). Hybrid stags had significantly greater carcass weights than red stags (64.1 kg versus 56.3 kg; P < 0.01) and hybrid hinds (52.8 kg; P < 0.001). It was concluded that the increased growth and carcass weight of young deer grazing sulla was caused by a higher feeding value of sulla, with a component of this being increased utilisation of digested nutrients. |
| Title: Effects of reducing anthelmintic input upon growth and faecal egg and larval counts in young farmed deer grazing chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture. |
| Author: Hoskin-S-O; Barry-T-N; Wilson-P-R; Charleston-W-A-G; Hodgson-J. |
| Source: Journal-of-Agricultural-Science.; 132 (3): 335-345. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1999 |
| Abstract: A rotational grazing experiment using weaner deer was conducted at Palmerston North, New Zealand, during the autumn, winter and spring, to compare the voluntary feed intake (VFI), liveweight gain (LWG) and carcass production of deer grazing chicory with those grazing perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. Deer were either treated with anthelmintic at 3-weekly intervals (T) or anthelmintic was withheld until trigger-treatment (TT) criteria were attained. Pure red and 0.75 red:0.25 elk hybrid stags and hinds were given forage allowances of 5 kg DM/deer/day in autumn and early-mid winter, 6 kg DM/deer/day in late winter and 7 kg DM/deer/day in spring. Deer grazed chicory or pasture in autumn and spring, with all deer combined on pasture during winter when chicory was dormant. Organic matter digestibility of diet selected was greater for chicory than for pasture in both autumn and spring. Anthelmintic-treated deer grazing pasture in autumn had significantly higher VFI and LWG, contributing to higher carcass weights, than TT deer. Anthelmintic treatment had no effect on these measures for deer grazing chicory in autumn. Clinical signs of lungworm infection were evident in pasture TT deer during autumn and winter, and in chicory TT deer grazing pasture during winter. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were significantly greater for pasture TT deer during autumn and early winter than all other groups. Faecal lungworm larval counts (FLC) were significantly greater for chicory TT deer following transfer to pasture, than for all other groups in early winter, although both FEC and FLC were low. Faecal larval counts were poorly related to clinical signs of lungworm infection during autumn, but were a better guide in winter. Plasma pepsinogen concentrations appeared unrelated to gastrointestinal parasite infection. Trigger-treated deer grazing pasture required five anthelmintic treatments during autumn and winter. The chicory TT group required no anthelmintic treatment when grazing chicory during autumn, but required two treatments after transfer from chicory to pasture during winter. There was no effect of anthelmintic regime on VFI and LWG in spring, and LWG was greater for deer grazing chicory than those grazing pasture. Hybrid deer had greater spring LWG and carcass weights than red deer when grazing chicory, but similar LWG and carcass weights when grazing pasture. It was concluded that grazing chicory offers the potential for reducing anthelmintic use in farmed weaner deer, particularly during autumn. |
| Title: The feeding value of chicory (Cichorium intybus) for ruminant livestock. |
| Author: Barry-T-N Barry-T-N. |
| Source: Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. 131 (3) 251-257. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: NA |
| Title: An in vitro model for the study of hydroponic forcing in chicory (Cichorium intybus). |
| Author: Van-Stallen-N ; Demeulemeester-M-A-C; De-Proft-M-P. |
| Source: Plant-Cell-Tissue-and-Organ-Culture.; 55 (2): 125-131. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1998 |
| Abstract: An in vitro model for studying the influence of different factors on chicon formation during hydroponic forcing has been developed. The shoot apex was isolated from the chicory roots and cultured on a gelled nutrient medium. This medium was considered as a replacement of the root. Small chicons (5 g) were produced. Water and, more importantly, sucrose availability had important influences on the outgrowth of the chicons. When sucrose was added to the medium the chicon-weight increased two-fold. On a medium with low agar concentration (0.3% (w/v)), heavier chicons were produced compared with a medium with agar at 1.2% (w/v). Browning of the pith tissue (= flowering stem) decreased with increased agar concentration. The results presented indicate that the in vitro system can be used as a research model to study chicon development in relation to root functioning and composition. |
| Title: Herbage production and persistence of Puna chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) under grazing management over 4 years. |
| Author: Li-G-D; Kemp-P-D., Hodgson-J. |
| Source: New-Zealand-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research.; 40 (1) 51-56. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Three grazing experiments were conducted at the Pasture and Crop Research Unit (PCRU) and Deer Research Unit (DRU), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, from November 1993 to January 1996. Experiments 1 and 3 examined effects of grazing frequency and grazing intensity on the herbage production and persistence on year 1 and year 4 chicory stands, respectively. In Experiment 2, the plant density and plant size (shoots/plant) were monitored over 3 years starting from the second growing season. Results showed that year 1 and year 2 chicory accumulated 8460 +- 668 and 9360 +- 640 kg DM/ha over 6 months, which was double that of year 4 chicory (4590 +- 343 kg DM/ha). The average plant densities for year 1 and year 2 chicory were 66 +- 2.1 and 68 +- 4.0 plants/m-2, respectively, significantly higher than those for year 3 and year 4 chicory of 49 +- 0.6 and 24 +- 1.3 plants/m-2, respectively. However, plant size increased from 2.9 +- 0.04 and 2.7 +- 0.15 shoots/plant for the first 2 years to 4.1 +- 0.15 and 6.7 +- 0.21 shoots/plant in year 3 and year 4, respectively. It was concluded that the characteristics of a grazed chicory crop that had deteriorated to the point of not being able to produce half of its maximum herbage mass were 25 plants/m-2, six or more shoots/plant, or less than 150 shoots/m-2. The implications for chicory grazing management are also discussed. |
| Title: Biomass allocation, regrowth and root carbohydrate reserves of chicory (Cichorium intybus) in response to defoliation in glasshouse conditions. |
| Author: Li-G-D; Kemp-P-D; Hodgson-J. |
| Source: Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. 129 (4) 447-458. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Three glasshouse experiments were conducted between 14 September 1993 and 9 January 1996 at the Plant Growth Unit, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Experiment 1 studied the effects of cutting height on the regrowth and biomass allocation of chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv. Grasslands Puna), Expt 2 investigated the biomass allocation and root carbohydrate reserves of three chicory cultivars (Puna, PG90 and Orchies) in response to defoliation, and Expt 3 studied the morphological characteristics and persistence of Puna under extreme defoliation. Cutting height had no significant effect on accumulated secondary leaf and stem masses in Expt 2, but affected secondary leaf mass in Expt 1. However, cutting height significantly reduced root size after two cuttings in both Expts 1 and 2. Three severe cuttings (removing all shoots including visible buds > 5 mm on crown) killed 73% of plants, whereas 96% plants survived under lax cutting (100 mm) in Expt 3. Orchies had the highest total reducing sugar concentration in its taproot (56.6%), whereas PG90 had the lowest (32.1%). Therefore, Orchies was the most persistent but had the slowest growth rate, and PG90 the least persistent with the highest growth rate. The performance of Puna was intermediate. It is concluded that the persistence of Puna would be more sensitive to cutting frequency than cutting intensity due to its medium level of root carbohydrate reserves. In contrast, PG90 could be defoliated frequently, but not closely. However, Orchies with its thick taproot was insensitive to cutting intensity and would also be insensitive to cutting frequency due to its larger root carbohydrate reserves. It is suggested that to improve the persistence and enhance the leaf production of Puna by plant breeding the emphasis should be on increasing taproot size without unduly prejudicing herbage production. |
| Title: Morphological and physiological aspects of phase transition in radicchio (Cichorium intybus L. var. silvestre Bisch.): Influence of daylength and its interaction with low temperature. |
| Author: Gianquinto-G. |
| Source: Scientia-Horticulturae-Amsterdam. 71 (1-2) 13-26. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: A series of experiments was undertaken to study daylength control of transition to flowering, and interaction between daylength and low temperature in 'Rosso di Chioggia' radicchio (Cichorium intybus L. var. silvestre Bisch.). In the experiments, short day (SD) and long day (LD) treatments were variously combined with vernalizing (5degreeC) and non-vernalizing (> 15degreeC) temperatures to investigate: (1) the stage at which photoinducibility is achieved; (2) the number of LD cycles needed for flowering; (3) changes in LD requirements caused by duration and time of cold treatment. Experiments were conducted in controlled (growth chambers) and partially controlled environments (heated glasshouses). Data collected throughout the growth period included percentage of bolting, and number of days to both bolting initiation and anthesis of the first capitulum. Additional observations regarded: height and number of nodes of flower-stalk; number and length of lateral shoots, and number of capitula produced by each plant. Some characteristic data (leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of foliage) at the start of LD exposure were also collected, to study the relationship between developmental stage and sensitivity to daylength. Results indicate: (1) radicchio can be induced to flower merely by LD, but low temperature hastens and enhances bolting and flowering. (2) The vernalizing effect of low temperature is quantitatively related to the duration of cold treatment. (3) Sensitivity to both low temperatures and daylength increases with plant age. (4) The stage at which plants acquire maximum sensitivity to cold precedes that at which they achieve maximum sensitivity to LD. (5) In early growth stages, there is a period of full insensitivity to the photoperiod, i.e., plants must reach a certain size before acquiring photoinducibility. (6) Low temperature increases plant sensitivity to LD, also accelerating photoinducibility and anticipating the stage at which plant acquires maximum sensitivity to daylength. As vernalization proceeds, fewer LD are required for induction-plants exposed to 5degreeC for 15 or 30 days required more than 10 and 5 LD cycles to flower, respectively. (7) Thermoinduction cannot altogether suppress the LD requirement in radicchio since, whatever the vernalizing treatment, flowering fails in SD-treated plants. (8) Once the stage of maximum sensitivity to LD is overcome, photoperiodic sensitivity may diminish gradually, plants reverting to a non-photoinductive state. This was particularly evident in plants in which vernalization was suboptimal. |
| Title: Biochemical characterization of chlorsulfuron resistance in Cichorium intybus L. var. Witloof. |
| Author: Dewaele-E ; Forlani-G; Degrande-D ; Nielsen-E; Rambour-S. |
| Source: Journal-of-Plant-Physiology.; 151 (1) 109-114. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: A chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. Witloof) line, previously selected in vitro for tolerance to the sulfonylurea herbicide chlorsulfuron and regenerated into resistant fertile plants showing a 1500 to 2000 higher resistance than wild-type, was characterized in order to understand the biochemical basis of the resistance. Transcription, specific activity level and properties of acetotactate synthase (ALS, EC 4.1.3.18), the first enzyme in branched-chain amino acid synthesis and the target of sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides, were evaluated in plant tissues and compared with those of a sensitive control. Whilst Northern blot analysis detected similar levels of ALS-mRNA, a significant difference was found in ALS specific activity. However, its higher level in sensitive plants, could not account for the selected tolerance. When ALS activity from wild-type and resistant plants was measured in the presence of increasing chlorsulfuron concentrations, a striking variation in enzyme sensitivity was found. In the two cases 50%-inhibition was achieved at 21 nmol/L and 12 mu-mol/L (R = 570), respectively, suggesting that the tolerant line could owe its resistance to a mutational event resulting in a decreased affinity of the target enzyme. Mutant ALS displayed cross-tolerance to the imidazolinone herbicide imazamethabenz, a 125-fold higher level of which was required to cause 50%-inhibition of enzyme activity. Herbicide tolerance was accompanied also by a reduced sensitivity to the regulative feedback inhibition by leucine and valine, |
| Title: Regrowth, morphology and persistence of Grasslands Puna chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in response to grazing frequency and intensity. |
| Author: Li-G-D ; Kemp-P-D; Hodgson-J. |
| Source: Grass-and-Forage-Science.; 52 (1) 33-41. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1997 |
| Abstract: Effects of different grazing frequencies and intensities on herbage production (on both a unit pasture and individual plant basis) and on persistence of chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv. Grasslands Puna) were studied at Palmerston North, New Zealand (latitude 40 degree 23'S) from November 1994 to November 1995. Three experiments were conducted on the same chicory stand, sown on 12 May 1994. The main grazing experiment had two grazing intensities, hard-lax grazing (50- to 100-mm stem stubble to mid-January, and thereafter 100- to 150mm stem stubble) and lax grazing (100- to 150-mm stem stubble), and three grazing frequencies (1-, 2- or 4-week intervals). A subsidiary plant survival experiment compared the survival of 120 marked plants in ungrazed and grazed treatments. A late autumn grazing experiment examined the effects on. plant persistence in the following spring. The greatest herbage mass (leaf + stem) resulted from the 4-week grazing frequency (9640+-874 kg dry matter (DM) ha-1), in which stem mass was reasonably low (1270+-410 kg DM ha-1), but was significantly higher in the 4-week grazing frequency than 1- and 2-week grazing frequencies (P lt 0.01). Grazing intensity had no significant effect except on the average stem mass of individual plants when the hard-lax intensity gave a lower stem mass (P lt 0.01). There were no interactions between grazing frequency and intensity in herbage mass. Plant density declined by 35% over the growing season with the decline unaffected by grazing intensity or frequency during the season. Grazing in late autumn resulted in approximately 27% less plants in the following spring. It was concluded that grazing management through the growing season cannot be used to improve persistence without compromising leaf growth rate, but that avoidance of grazing in late autumn will improve the persistence of chicory. |
| Title: Seed set in Cichorium intybus L. by pollination of flowers developed in vitro. |
| Author: Castano-Clara-I ; De-Proft-Maurice-P. |
| Source: Plant-Cell-Tissue-and-Organ-Culture.; 46 (3) 211-218. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1996 |
| Abstract: Formation of viable seeds of Cichorium intybus L. was achieved in an in vitro system. Flower formation, pollination, fertilization, embryogenesis and seed development occur-red in vitro on chicory root explants on culture medium lacking plant growth regulators. After flower induction under a 24-h daylength treatment, the explants were transferred to a 16-h daylength at 40 mu-E m-2s-1 irradiance for pollination and further seed development. Negative results were obtained when root explants were maintained continuously under a 24-h daylength during the whole culture period. Lower seed set was obtained when the cultures were at low irradiance. The need of a dark period and adequate level of irradiance are suggested as important factors to obtain viable seeds. The developed in vitro system can be used as a model to study the factors controlling the reproductive processes, and for the study of self-incompatibility in chicory. |
| Title: Evaluation of Belgian endive (Cichorium intybus) as an alternative vegetable crop. |
| Author: Mebrahtu-Tadesse ; Mullins-Jimmy. |
| Source: Virginia-Journal-of-Science.; 44 (1) 37-45. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1993 |
| Abstract: Belgian endive (Chicorium intybus) is one of those crops that can growth with residual nitrogen and has relatively few and pest problems. Presently, little is known on the culture of this crop in the United States, particularly in Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic region. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the effect of planting date on the root production of selected endive cultivars and 2) to determine the efficiency of two methods of forcing for chicon (a forced leaf head used as a vegetable) production. Three cultivars (Bea, Flash, and Zoom) were planted in 1990 at three planting dates (June 20, July 19, and August 13) in a split-plot design with four replications at Randolph Research Farm of Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia. Highly significant differences (P lt 0.01) were observed for number of seedlings, usable and unusable roots, and total fresh root weight among the planting dates. Results have indicated that planting endive cultivars around July 19 would produce better suited root stock for chicon production than planting on either June 20 or August 13 planting dates. Results from both Phase I and II productions indicate that the two late maturing cultivars Be and Flash were better adapted to Virginia edaphic and climatic conditions and to hydroponic forcing than was the middle early cultivar, Zoom. Similarly, Flash produced 41% and 51% more chicon weight than did either Bea and Zoom in the soil method of forcing. However, the chicon quality from the hydroponic method of forcing was better than that from the soil method. |
| Title: Effects of soil surface microtopography and litter cover on germination, growth and biomass production of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). |
| Author: Smith-Marian; Capelle-Janice. |
| Source: American-Midland-Naturalist.; 128 (2) 246-253. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effect of soil surface and litter cover on germination, survival and biomass production of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). Surface treatments which had more microtopographical relief (soil covered with clods or rocks) were better for germination and growth compared to treatments in which surfaces were smooth or covered with fine or coarse litter. Seeds germinated in crevices formed where clods or rocks interfaced with the soil surface creating "safe sites" which retained moisture and provided seedling roots an opportunity to become established. Optimal experimental treatments were similar to chicory's roadside habitat which appears to be hot, dry and inhospitable, but provides the topographical heterogeneity necessary for successful germination and seedling establishment. |
| Title: Erwinia carotovora ssp. odorifera, new subspecies associated with odorous soft rot of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). |
| Author: Gallois-Annie; Samson-Regine ; Ageron-Elisabeth; Grimont-Patrick-A-D. |
| Source: International-Journal-of-Systematic-Bacteriology.; 42 (4) 582-588. |
| Source Type: Journal |
| Publication Date: 1992 |
| Abstract: Eleven strains of Erwinia carotovora that were isolated mainly, but not exclusively, from slimy rot of witloof chicory and were previously designated "atypical" E. cartovora subsp. atroseptica strains were characterized and compared with strains of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, and Erwinia chrysanthemi (including the type strains). The 11 atypical E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica stains produced a typical bananalike odor when they were inoculated onto witloof chicory leaves. DNA-DNA homology experiments, biochemical tests, tests to determine carbon utilization patterns, and tests to identify the volatile metabolites produced from rotting witloofs were performed. The volatile end products of witloof decay were analyzed by gas chromatography. Alcohols, methylketones, and ethylacetate were produced by all of the Erwinia stains which were studied, whereas propyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and 2-actamyl acetate were produced only by the flavoring witloof soft-rot stains. A DNA relatedness study was performed by hybridizing DNAs with a tritium-labeled DNA and estimating the DELTA-T-m values (DELTA-T-m is the difference between the thermal denaturation midpoint of a homoduplex and the thermal denaturation midpoint of a heteroduplex). The 11 flavoring strains constituted a tight DNA hybridization group (79 to 91% related to type strains CFBP 1878 isolated from witloof). Strains of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora were 59 to 88% related to strain CFBP 1878-T (T = type strain) (DELTA-T-m range, 3 to 4.5 degree C), indicating that they belonged to the same species but another subspecies. E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica and E. carotovora subsp. betavasculorum appeared to be less closely related to strain CFBP 1878-T than E. carotovora subsp. carotovora was, exhibiting 53% homology (DELTA-T-m, 7 degree C) and 48 to 51% homology (DELTA-T-m, 8.5 degree C), respectively, with strain CFBP 1878-T. Therefore, we propose that the 11 flavoring strains are members of a new subspecies, Erwinia carotovora subsp. ordorifera. We examined 95 biochemical characteristics, API strip tests, and assimulation tests in Biotype galleries and identified nine tests which can be used for phenotypic differentiation of the new subspecies. |
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